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Vaivara Sinimäed 2007
Vaivara was the largest of the 22 concentration and labor camps established in occupied Estonia by the Nazi regime during World War II. Some 20,000 Jewish prisoners passed through its gates, mostly from the Vilna and Kovno Ghettos, but also from Latvia, Poland, Hungary and the Theresienstadt concentration camp. Vaivara was one of the last camps established. It existed from August 1943 to February 1944. Creation On 21 June 1943, Heinrich Himmler ordered the liquidation of the remaining ghettos in the Baltic states. Subsequently, German occupation authorities met under the auspices of the Commander of the Security Police and SD in Reval (the German name for the Estonian capital Tallinn) to plan the establishment of forced labor camps for the oil-shale extraction operations of Baltöl, an IG Farben subsidiary. Beginning in August 1943, a series of concentration camps was established all over Estonia by Organisation Todt. The administrative center of the camp complex was in Vaiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichskommissariat Ostland
The (RKO; ) was an Administrative division, administrative entity of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories of Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1945. It served as the German Civil authority, civilian occupation regime in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and the western part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian SSR during the Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front of World War II. ''Ostland'' was established after the success of the ''Wehrmacht''s Baltic operation and an initial period of Military occupation, military administration by Army Group North Rear Area based on the equivalent in German planning documents. It was divided into ''Generalbezirk Estland'' (Estonia), ''Generalbezirk Lettland'' (Latvia), ''Generalbezirk Litauen'' (Lithuania), and ''Generalbezirk Weißruthenien'' (Belarus) each with its own Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, Nazi collaborationist government and Schutzmannschaft, Auxiliary Police under the contro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IG Farben
I. G. Farbenindustrie AG, commonly known as IG Farben, was a German Chemical industry, chemical and Pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical conglomerate (company), conglomerate. It was formed on December 2, 1925 from a merger of six chemical companies: Agfa-Gevaert, Agfa, BASF, Bayer, :de:Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, Griesheim-Elektron, Hoechst AG, Hoechst, and Weiler-ter-Meer. It was seized by the Allies of World War II, Allies after World War II and split into its constituent companies; parts in East Germany were nationalized. IG Farben was once the largest company in Europe and the largest chemical and pharmaceutical company in the world. IG Farben scientists made fundamental contributions to all areas of chemistry and the pharmaceutical industry. Otto Bayer discovered the polyaddition for the synthesis of polyurethane in 1937, and three company scientists became List of Nobel laureates, Nobel laureates: Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius in 1931 "for their contribution ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lagedi
Lagedi () is a small borough () in Rae Parish, Harju County, northern Estonia. As of 2022, the settlement's population was 1,083. Lagedi has a station on the Elron's eastern route. Lagedi was the site of a slave-labor camp during German occupation in World War II. It was a satellite camp from the Vaivara concentration camp Vaivara was the largest of the 22 concentration and labor camps established in occupied Estonia by the Nazi regime during World War II. Some 20,000 Jewish prisoners passed through its gates, mostly from the Vilna and Kovno Ghettos, but also ... and mass executions of Jews took place in Lagedi. References External linksRae Parish Boroughs and small boroughs in Estonia Holocaust locations in Estonia Kreis Harrien {{Harju-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Klooga Concentration Camp
Klooga concentration camp was a Nazism, Nazi forced labor subcamp of the Vaivara concentration camp complex established in September 1943 in Harju County, during World War II, in German-occupied Estonia near the village of Klooga, Estonia, Klooga. The Vaivara camp complex was commanded by German officers Hans Aumeier, and Franz von Bodmann and consisted of 20 field camps, some of which existed only for short periods. It is estimated that 1,800–2,000 prisoners perished at Klooga from wanton killings, epidemics and working conditions. Most of them were Jews. Those who survived were transported to the Stutthof concentration camp in occupied Poland ahead of the Soviet advance.Council of Europe"Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes in Estonia"''Teaching Remembrance''. Cached by Gigablast from www.coe.int LeafletEstonia.asp on 21 February 2009; retrieved 12 February 2015. The camp During the Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany, German occupation, Estonia was part of the Reich ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kohtla
Kohtla () is a village in Toila Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia, located just south of the city of Kohtla-Järve and east of Kohtla-Nõmme borough. (retrieved 28 July 2021) It has a population of 78 (as of 1 January 2010). Before the 2017 Administrative Reform, the village belonged to Kohtla Parish. In the 13th century on the site of Kohtla there was ''Odre'' village with the size of 18 carucates. Kohtla Manor () was first mentioned in 1419. From 1750 to 1919 it belonged to the von . The building was burned down in 1941 during World War II. Chess grandmaster Lembit Oll Lembit Oll (23 April 1966 – 16 May 1999) was an Estonian chess grandmaster. Chess career Born in Kohtla-Järve on 23 April 1966, Oll became Estonian Chess Champion in 1982 and U20 Soviet Chess Champion in 1984. FIDE awarded him the interna ... (1966–1999) originated from Kohtla-Vanaküla. References Villages in Ida-Viru County Kreis Wierland {{IdaViru-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jõhvi
Jõhvi ( ; ; ) is a town in northeastern Estonia, and the administrative seat of Ida-Viru County and Jõhvi Parish. The town is located about 50 km west of the Estonia–Russia international border. History Jõhvi was first mentioned as a village in 1241 in Liber Census Daniae when it was ruled by Denmark. Historical names of Jõhvi were ''Gewi'' and ''Jewe''. In the 13th century a church was built there, and Jõhvi became the centre of the local church parish. On 1 May 1938, the government of Estonia upgraded the official status of Jõhvi from a borough to that of an independent town. During the period of Soviet administration (1944–1991), Jõhvi was administratively not a town, but a district of the city of Kohtla-Järve. In 2005, the town of Jõhvi was united with the parish of Jõhvi. Demographics During the period when Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union, a significant influx of workers from other parts of the Soviet Union was initiated to support the ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ereda
Ereda () is a village in Alutaguse Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia. During the German occupation in World War II, a Nazi labor camp was situated there as a satellite camp of Vaivara concentration camp Vaivara was the largest of the 22 concentration and labor camps established in occupied Estonia by the Nazi regime during World War II. Some 20,000 Jewish prisoners passed through its gates, mostly from the Vilna and Kovno Ghettos, but also .... See also * Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn, an article about an inmate and commandant of the Ereda concentration camp in Estonia References Villages in Ida-Viru County Kreis Wierland {{IdaViru-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kiviõli
Kiviõli ( ; ) is an industrial town in Ida-Viru County, Estonia, established in 1922. The main industry in the town is oil shale Oil shale is an organic-rich Granularity, fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of Organic compound, organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons can be produced. In addition to kerogen, general compos ... mining, which gives the town its name. History In 1922, the joint-stock company Eesti Kiviõli () established an oil shale quarry in land belonging to the village of Salaküla, and mining commenced in 1930. A worker's settlement belonging to the village of Varinurme was built in the 1930s and named Kiviõli after the joint-stock company. Kiviõli became a town in 1946. Demographics Neighborhoods of Kiviõli Included in the town limits, but somewhat separate from the main part of the town, are the districts of Küttejõu and Varinurme. There are five neighborhoods of Kiviõli: *Küttejõu *L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Typhoid Fever
Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a disease caused by '' Salmonella enterica'' serotype Typhi bacteria, also called ''Salmonella'' Typhi. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. This is commonly accompanied by weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, and mild vomiting. Some people develop a skin rash with rose colored spots. In severe cases, people may experience confusion. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Diarrhea may be severe, but is uncommon. Other people may carry it without being affected, but are still contagious. Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever, along with paratyphoid fever. ''Salmonella enterica'' Typhi is believed to infect and replicate only within humans. Typhoid is caused by the bacterium ''Salmonella enterica'' subsp. ''enterica'' serovar Typhi growing in the intestines, Peyer's patches, mesen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oil Shale
Oil shale is an organic-rich Granularity, fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of Organic compound, organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons can be produced. In addition to kerogen, general composition of oil shales constitutes inorganic substance and bitumens. Based on their deposition environment, oil shales are classified as marine, lacustrine and terrestrial oil shales. Oil shales differ from oil-''bearing'' shales, shale deposits that contain petroleum (tight oil) that is sometimes produced from drilled wells. Examples of oil-''bearing'' shales are the Bakken Formation, Pierre Shale, Niobrara Formation, and Eagle Ford Group, Eagle Ford Formation. Accordingly, shale oil produced from oil shale should not be confused with tight oil, which is also frequently called shale oil. A 2016 estimate of global Deposition (geology), deposits set the total world resources of oil shale equivalent of of oil in place.#wec2016, WEC (2016), p. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natzweiler-Struthof Concentration Camp
Natzweiler-Struthof was a Nazi concentration camp located in the Vosges Mountains close to the villages of Natzwiller, Natzweiler and Struthof in the Gau Baden-Alsace of Nazi Germany, Germany, on territory Annexation, annexed from France on a basis in 1940. It operated from 21 May 1941 to September 1944, and was the only concentration camp established by the Germans in the territory of pre-war France. The camp was located in a heavily forested and isolated area at an elevation of . About 52,000 prisoners were estimated to be held there during its time of operation. The prisoners were mainly from the Resistance during World War II, resistance movements in German-occupied territories. It was a labor camp, a transit camp and, as the war went on, a place of execution. Some died of exhaustion and starvation – there were an estimated 22,000 deaths at the camp and its network of subcamps. Many prisoners were moved to other camps; in particular, in 1944 the former head of Auschwitz co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stutthof Concentration Camp
Stutthof was a Nazi concentration camp established by Nazi Germany in a secluded, marshy, and wooded area near the village of Stutthof (now Sztutowo) 34 km (21 mi) east of the city of Danzig (Gdańsk) in the territory of the German-annexed Free City of Danzig. The camp was set up around existing structures after the invasion of Poland in World War II and initially used for the imprisonment of Polish leaders and intelligentsia. The actual barracks were built the following year by prisoners. Most of the infrastructure of the concentration camp was either destroyed or dismantled shortly after the war. In 1962, the former concentration camp with its remaining structures was turned into a memorial museum. Stutthof was the first German concentration camp set up outside German borders in World War II, in operation from 2 September 1939. It was also the last camp liberated by the Allies of World War II, Allies, on 9 May 1945. It is estimated that between 63,000 and 65,00 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
