Transfer DNA Binary System
A transfer DNA (T-DNA) binary system is a pair of plasmids consisting of a T-DNA binary vector and a ''vir'' helper plasmid. The two plasmids are used together (thus ''binary'') to produce genetically modified plants. They are artificial vectors that have been derived from the naturally occurring Ti plasmid found in bacterial species of the genus ''Agrobacterium'', such as '' A. tumefaciens''. The binary vector is a ''shuttle vector'', so-called because it is able to replicate in multiple hosts (e.g. ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Agrobacterium''). Systems in which T-DNA and ''vir'' genes are located on separate replicons are called T-DNA binary systems. T-DNA is located on the binary vector (the non-T-DNA region of this vector containing origin(s) of replication that could function both in ''E. coli'' and ''Agrobacterium'', and antibiotic resistance genes used to select for the presence of the binary vector in bacteria, became known as vector backbone sequences). The replicon containi ...
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Plasmids
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. In nature, plasmids often carry genes that benefit the survival of the organism and confer selective advantage such as antibiotic resistance. While chromosomes are large and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions, plasmids are usually very small and contain only additional genes that may be useful in certain situations or conditions. Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. In the laboratory, plasmids may be introduced into a cell via transformation. Synthetic plasmids are available for procurement over the intern ...
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