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Tinea Manuum
Tinea manuum is a fungal infection of the hand, mostly a type of dermatophytosis, often part of two feet-one hand syndrome. There is diffuse scaling on the palms or back of usually one hand and the palmer creases appear more prominent. When both hands are affected, the rash looks different on each hand, with palmer creases appearing whitish if the infection has been present for a long time. It can be itchy and look slightly raised. Nails may also be affected. The most common cause is ''Trichophyton rubrum''. The infection can result from touching another area of the body with a fungal infection such as athletes foot or fungal infection of groin, contact with an infected person or animal, or from contact with soil or contaminated towels. Risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, weak immune system, humid surroundings, excessive sweating, recurrent hand trauma and cracks in feet. Pet owners and farmworkers are also at higher risk. Machine operators, mechanics, gas/elect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dermatology
Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin.''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.'' Random House, Inc. 2001. Page 537. . It is a speciality with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist is a specialist medical doctor who manages diseases related to skin, hair, nails, and some cosmetic problems. Etymology Attested in English in 1819, the word "dermatology" derives from the Greek δέρματος (''dermatos''), genitive of δέρμα (''derma''), "skin" (itself from δέρω ''dero'', "to flay") and -λογία '' -logia''. Neo-Latin ''dermatologia'' was coined in 1630, an anatomical term with various French and German uses attested from the 1730s. History In 1708, the first great school of dermatology became a reality at the famous Hôpital Saint-Louis in Paris, and the first textbooks (Willan's, 1798–1808) and atlases ( Alibert's, 1806–1816) appeared in print around the same time.Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diabetes
Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level ( hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many health complications. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, damage to the nerves, damage to the eyes, and cognitive impairment. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. Insulin is a hormone which is responsible for helping glucose from food get into cells to be used for energy. There are three main types of diabetes mellitus: * Type 1 diabetes results from failure of the pancreas to produce enough insulin due ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microsporum Gypseum
''Microsporum gypseum'' is a soil-associated dermatophyte that occasionally is known to colonise and infect the upper dead layers of the skin of mammals. The name refers to an asexual "form-taxon" that has been associated with four related biological species of fungi: the pathogenic taxa '' Arthroderma incurvatum'', '' A. gypsea'', '' A. fulva'' and the non-pathogenic saprotroph '' A. corniculata''. More recent studies have restricted ''M. gypseum'' to two teleomorphic species ''A. gypseum'' and ''A. incurvatum''. The conidial states of ''A. fulva'' and ''A. corniculata'' have been assigned to ''M. fulvum'' and ''M. boullardii''. Because the anamorphic states of these fungi are so similar, they can be identified reliably only by mating. Two mating strains have been discovered, "+" and "–". The classification of this species has been based on the characteristically rough-walled, blunt, club-shaped, multicelled macroconidia. Synonyms include ''Achorion gypseum'', ''Microsporum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trichophyton Interdigitale
''Trichophyton interdigitale'' is a clonal line within sexual species '' T. mentagrophytes''. It causes onychomycosis and tinea pedis Dermatophytosis, also known as ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin. Typically it results in a red, itchy, scaly, circular rash. Hair loss may occur in the area affected. Symptoms begin four to fourteen days after exposure. Multiple ... in humans, and has never been isolated from animals. ''Trichophyton interdigitale'' isolates cannot be reliably discriminated from ''T.mentagrophytes'' by cultural techniques or MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and therefore ITS region DNA sequencing is recommended. Critics ''Trichophyton interdigitale'' is defined by its capability of transmission between human hosts and clonal way of reproduction. However, there is at least one another anthropophilic clonal line within '' T. mentagrophytes'', phylogenetically unrelated to ''T. interdigitale''. References Arthrodermataceae Fungi described in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epidermophyton Floccosum
''Epidermophyton floccosum'' is a filamentous fungus that causes skin and nail infections in humans. This anthropophilic dermatophyte can lead to diseases such as tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris, tinea corporis and onychomycosis. Diagnostic approaches of the fungal infection include physical examination, culture testing, and molecular detection. Topical antifungal treatment, such as the use of terbinafine, itraconazole, voriconazole, and ketoconazole, is often effective. ''E. floccosum'' is one of the 2 species in the genus '' Epidermophyton''. During the 20th century, this species was the fourth most common cause of dermatophytosis in North America. This ascomycete has a worldwide distribution but is more commonly isolated from patients in tropical and subtropical areas. The non-soil associated fungus has no specific growth conditions and shows characteristic smooth club-shaped macroconidia under the microscope. History and taxonomy The fungus was first isolated in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trichophyton Mentagrophytes
''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'' is a species in the fungal genus '' Trichophyton''. It is one of three common fungi which cause ringworm in companion animals. It is also the second-most commonly isolated fungus causing tinea infections in humans, and the most common or one of the most common fungi that cause zoonotic skin disease (i.e., transmission of mycotic skin disease from species to species). ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'' is being frequently isolated from dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs and other rodents, though at least some genetic variants possess the potential of human-to-human transmission, e.g. Type VII and Type VIII. Particular genetic variants of the fungus have distinct geographic ranges. Drug resistance In ''T. mentagrophytes'', antifungal drug resistance is mainly associated with Type VIII isolates. Drug-resistant ''T. mentagrophytes'' strains have been found in many places across Asia and Europe. India is the most affected country, with the rate of microbi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trichophyton Erinacei
''Trichophyton erinacei'' is a species in the fungal genus ''Trichophyton'' that is associated with hedgehogs A hedgehog is a spiny mammal of the subfamily Erinaceinae, in the eulipotyphlan family (biology), family Erinaceidae. There are seventeen species of hedgehog in five genus, genera found throughout parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and in Ne .... The fungi is normally isolated from the quills and underbelly of hedgehogs. Common symptoms of infection include crusting around the face and loss of spines. Trichophyton erinacei is also known to affect humans through hedgehog contact that transmits the fungi. Infections can also occur with indirect contact. References Arthrodermataceae Animal fungal diseases {{Eurotiomycetes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microsporum Canis
''Microsporum canis'' is a pathogenic, asexual fungus in the phylum Ascomycota that infects the upper, dead layers of skin on domesticated cats, and occasionally dogs and humans. The species has a worldwide distribution. Taxonomy and evolution ''Microsporum canis'' reproduces by means of two conidial forms, large, spindle-shaped, multicelled macroconidia and small, single-celled microconidia. First records of ''M. canis'' date to 1902. Evolutionary studies have established that ''M. canis'', like the very closely related sibling species ''M. distortum'' and ''M. equinum'', is a genetic clone derived from the sexually reproducing species, ''Arthroderma otae''. Members of Ascomycota often possess conspicuous asexual and sexual forms that can coexist in time and space. ''Microsporum canis'' exemplifies a common situation in ascomycetous fungi in which, over time, one mating type strain has undergone habitat divergence from the other and established a self-sustaining reproductive p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trichophyton Verrucosum
''Trichophyton verrucosum'', commonly known as the cattle ringworm fungus, is a dermatophyte largely responsible for fungal skin disease in cattle, but is also a common cause of ringworm in donkeys, dogs, goat, sheep, and horses. It has a worldwide distribution, however human infection is more common in rural areas where contact with animals is more frequent, and can cause severe inflammation of the afflicted region. ''Trichophyton verrucosum'' was first described by Emile Bodin in 1902. Growth and morphology ''Trichophyton verrucosum'' is very slow-growing compared to other dermatophytes. In culture, it is characterized by being flat, white/cream colour, having an occasional dome, with a glabrous texture, known as the variant ''album'', however other variations are also found: ''T. verrucosum'' var. ''ochraceum'' has a flat, yellow, glabrous colony; ''T. verrucosum'' var. ''discoides'' has a gray-white, flat, and tomentose colony; and ''T. verrucosum'' var. ''autotrophicum'' is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terbinafine
Terbinafine, sold under the brand name Lamisil among others, is an antifungal medication used to treat pityriasis versicolor, fungal nail infections, and ringworm including jock itch and athlete's foot. It is either taken by mouth or applied to the skin as a cream or ointment. The cream and ointment are not effective for nail infections. Common side effects when taken by mouth include nausea, diarrhea, headache, cough, rash, and elevated liver enzymes. Severe side effects include liver problems and allergic reactions. Liver injury is, however, unusual. Use during pregnancy is not typically recommended. The cream and ointment may result in itchiness but are generally well tolerated. Terbinafine is in the allylamines family of medications. It works by decreasing the ability of fungi to synthesize sterols. It appears to result in fungal cell death. Terbinafine was discovered in 1991. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2020, it was the 279t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antifungal Medications
An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others. Such drugs are usually yes obtained by a doctor's prescription, but a few are available over the counter (OTC). Types of antifungal There are two types of antifungals: local and systemic. Local antifungals are usually administered topically or vaginally, depending on the condition being treated. Systemic antifungals are administered orally or intravenously. Of the clinically employed azole antifungals, only a handful are used systemically. These include ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, fosfluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and isavuconazole. Examples of non-azole systemic antifungals include griseofulvin and terbinafine. Classes Polyenes A polyene is a molecule with multiple conjug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contact Dermatitis
Contact dermatitis is a type of acute or chronic inflammation of the skin caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents. Symptoms of contact dermatitis can include itchy or dry skin, a red rash, bumps, blisters, or swelling. These rashes are not contagious or life-threatening, but can be very uncomfortable. Contact dermatitis results from either exposure to allergens ( allergic contact dermatitis), or irritants ( irritant contact dermatitis). Allergic contact dermatitis involves a delayed type of hypersensitivity and previous exposure to an allergen to produce a reaction. Irritant contact dermatitis is the most common type and represents 80% of all cases. It is caused by prolonged exposure to irritants, leading to direct injury of the epidermal cells of the skin, which activates an immune response, resulting in an inflammatory cutaneous reaction. Phototoxic dermatitis occurs when the allergen or irritant is activated by sunlight. Diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
