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True Toads
A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae, in the order Anura (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads, although some may be called frogs (such as harlequin frogs). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, '' Bufo'' being the best known. History Bufonidae is thought to have originated in South America. Some studies date the origin of the group to after the breakup of Gondwana, about 78–99 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous. In contrast, other studies have dated the origin of the group to the early Paleocene. The bufonids likely radiated out of South America during the Eocene, with the entire radiation occurring during the Eocene to Oligocene, marking an extremely rapid divergence likely facilitated by the Paleogene's changing climatic conditions. Taxonomy The following phylogeny of most genera in the family is based on Portik and Papenfuss, 2015:, Chan ''et al.'', 2016, Chandramouli ''et al.'', 201 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paleocene
The Paleocene ( ), or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''palaiós'' meaning "old" and the Eocene Epoch (which succeeds the Paleocene), translating to "the old part of the Eocene". The epoch is bracketed by two major events in Earth's history. The K–Pg extinction event, brought on by an asteroid impact (Chicxulub impact) and possibly volcanism (Deccan Traps), marked the beginning of the Paleocene and killed off 75% of species, most famously the non-avian dinosaurs. The end of the epoch was marked by the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which was a major climatic event wherein about 2,500–4,500 gigatons of carbon were released into the atmosphere and ocean systems, causing a spike in global temperatures and ocean acidification. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frostius
''Frostius'' – known as Frost's toads – is a small genus of true toads consisting of only two species endemic to Brazil. The genus was proposed by David C. Cannatella in 1986 based on an analysis of a species previously classified as ''Atelopus''. Various morphological and life-history information first suggested that it is sister taxon to ''Atelopus'' or ''Atelopus'' + '' Osornophryne'', but later molecular evidence suggests that it is sister taxon to ''Oreophrynella''. It was named for Darrel Frost in recognition of his work on anuran systematics Systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: phylogenetic trees, phylogenies). Phy .... Species There are only two species in this genus: References Endemic frogs of Brazil Amphibian genera Taxa named by David C. Cannatella {{Bufonidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nimbaphrynoides
''Nimbaphrynoides'' is a monotypic genus of true toads from highlands in the Mount Nimba region of the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire. The sole species is ''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis''. Along with ''Nectophrynoides'', '' Eleutherodactylus jasperi'', and ''Limnonectes larvaepartus'', ''Nimbaphrynoides'' is one of the only anurans that combine internal fertilization with ovoviviparity.Wells (2007). ''The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians.'' Pp. 486–487. Taxonomy and systematics ''Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis'' was first described as ''Nectophrynoides occidentalis'' by Fernand Angel in 1943. A second species from Mount Nimba, ''Nectophrynoides liberiensis'', was described in 1979. The two were then transferred to a newly erected genus ''Nimbaphrynoides'' in 1987. The two species were similar except for the larger size of ''N. liberiensis'' compared to ''N. occidentalis'' and some small colour differences. However, their calls are similar, and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sclerophrys
''Sclerophrys'' is a genus of "true toads", family Bufonidae, native to Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. Originally, all of these species were classified in the genus ''Bufo''. The genus, originally named ''Amietophrynus'', was split due to large enough taxonomic divergence. Ohler and Dubois showed in 2016 that ''Sclerophrys capensis'' Tschudi, 1838 is the same species as '' Bufo regularis rangeri'' Hewitt, 1935, the type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ... of ''Amietophrynus''. Because the former name is older, the implication is that ''Amietophrynus'' is a junior synonym of ''Sclerophrys''. Species The following species are recognized in the genus ''Sclerophrys''. References Amphibian genera Amphibians of Africa Amphibians of Asia Ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poyntonophrynus
''Poyntonophrynus'', also known as pygmy toads, are a genus consisting of ten true toad species native to Sub-Saharan Africa. Originally, all ''Poyntonophrynus'' species were included in the genus ''Bufo''. The genus was split due to large enough taxonomic divergence as evidenced by molecular markers. The genus is named in honour of , South African herpetologist, with ''phrynus'' being Greek for toad. Taxonomy and systematics ''Poyntonophrynus'' corresponds to the former '' Bufo vertebralis'' group. ''Poyntonophrynus'' is the sister taxon of '' Mertensophryne''. Some molecular studies have suggested polyphyly of ''Poyntonophrynus'', but the conclusion is likely to have been caused by sequences representing a different species than assumed. Description ''Poyntonophrynus'' are small toads. They lack a tarsal fold, and their parotoid glands are indistinct and flattened. The tympanum is small but distinct. Species The species in this genus are: * '' Poyntonophrynus beiranus'' (Love ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Didynamipus
The four-digit toad or dwarf toad (''Didynamipus sjostedti'') is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), southwestern Cameroon, and southeastern Nigeria. It is the only species in the genus ''Didynamipus''. Etymology The Specific name (zoology), specific name ''sjostedti'' honours Bror Yngve Sjöstedt, a Swedish entomologist and ornithologist who collected the type series. Description ''Didynamipus sjostedti'' are very small toads: males grow to and females to in snout–vent length. The snout is sharp in males but rounded in females; males also have a ridge on the top the snout that gives it an upturned appearance. The Tympanum (anatomy), tympanum is absent. The hands and feet are reduced, with the two outer fingers and toes and the innermost toes present only as tubercles. No webbing is present. The Dorsum (anatomy), dorsum is brown with lighter and darker mottling. Habitat and conservation ''Didynamipus sjostedti'' occur on fores ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incilius
''Incilius'' is a genus of toads in the true toad family, Bufonidae. They are sometimes known as the Central American toads or Middle American toads and are found in southern USA, Mexico, Central America, and northern Pacific South America (Colombia and Ecuador). They are an ecologically and biogeographically diverse group of toads, including micro-endemic species such as ''Incilius spiculatus'' that are restricted to undisturbed cloud forests, and widespread lowland species such as ''Incilius valliceps'' that predominantly occur in disturbed habitats. Taxonomy and systematics This genus was first described in 1863 by Edward Drinker Cope who designated the type species as ''Incilius coniferus''. This proved unpopular and these toads were known under the genus ''Bufo'' until the early 2000s. The current delineation of the genus follows Mendelson ''et al''. (2011) who brought ''Cranopsis''/''Cranophryne''/''Ollotis'' and ''Crepidius''/''Crepidophryne'' into Synonym (taxonomy), syn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anaxyrus
''Anaxyrus'', containing the North American toads, is a genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae. The genus is endemic to North and Central America, and contains many familiar North American toad species such as the American toad, Woodhouse's toad, and the western toad. Most species in this genus were initially classified in ''Bufo'', but were split due to their genetic divergence and geographic separation. Some authorities still consider ''Anaxyrus'' to be a subgenus within ''Bufo''. However, other authorities have disputed this classification, as doing so would also require all morphologically distinct Old World toad species to also be placed in ''Bufo''. Species The following fossil taxa are also known, all of which were also previously placed in ''Bufo'': * †'' Anaxyrus defensor'' (Meylan, 2005) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Florida) * †'' Anaxyrus hibbardi'' (Taylor, 1937) (Late Miocene of Kansas) * †'' Anaxyrus pliocompactilis'' (Wilson, 1968) (Late Miocene of K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhinella
''Rhinella'', commonly known as South American toads, beaked toads or Rio Viejo toads, is a genus of true toads native to Neotropical parts of Mexico, Central and South America. Additionally, the cane toad has been Introduced species, Introduced to Australia, the Caribbean, the Philippines and elsewhere. Originally, all species of the genus ''Rhinella'' were included in the genus ''Bufo'', then they were split into the genera ''Chaunus'' and ''Rhamphophryne''. However, ''Chaunus'' and ''Rhamphophryne'' are now considered synonym (taxonomy), synonyms of ''Rhinella''. Etymology * ''Rhinella'' means ‘little nose’, from ''wikt:rhino-, rhino-'' (), the combining form of the Ancient Greek ' (, ‘nose’) and the Latin diminutive suffix ''wikt:-ellus#Latin, -ella''. * ''Chaunus'' is the Latinised form of the Ancient Greek ' (, ‘porous, spongy’). * ''Rhamphophryne'', meaning “beaked toad”, is from ' (, ‘beak’) and ' (, ‘toad’). Species There are about 94 living sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhaebo
''Rhaebo'' is a genus of true toads, family Bufonidae, from Central and South America. They are distributed from Honduras to northern South America including the Amazonian lowlands. Common name Cope toads has been suggested for them. Taxonomy The genus was removed from the synonymy of ''Bufo'' in 2006; an alternative view has been to treat it as a subgenus of ''Bufo''. At present, it is widely recognized as a genus. ''Andinophryne'', consisting of three species, was recognized as a separate genus until 2015 when it was found out that its recognition rendered ''Rhaebo'' paraphyletic. An alternative to synonymizing it with ''Rhaebo'' would have been to erect a new genus for ''Rhaebo nasicus'', but this would have caused difficulty in assigning species without molecular data to correct genus. Description ''Rhaebo'' are characterized as lacking cephalic crests, having Firmisternal, omosternum, distinctively wide Sphenoid bone#Other animals, sphenethmoid, prominent and notched exocci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peltophryne
''Peltophryne'' is a genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae, from the Greater Antilles (in Cuba, Isla de Juventud, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico). With ten endemic species, Cuba hosts the highest diversity. Hispaniola has three endemics and Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands combined have one. Description ''Peltophryne'' range is size from the relatively small '' Peltophryne cataulaciceps'' with a snout–vent length (SVL) of to the large '' Peltophryne peltocephala'' with SVL of . The skull is as long as wide and contains some unique osteological features (thickened dermal tissue covering the snout and usually ossified into a pair of rostral bones, and squamosal-maxillary articulation). These are considered to be derived characters that set these toads apart from other bufonids. Taxonomy The genus was erected by Leopold Fitzinger in 1843, but placed in synonymy with ''Bufo'' by Albert Günther in 1859. Subsequent work has considered ''Peltophryne'' either as a valid genus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nannophryne
''Nannophryne'' is a small genus of true toads, family Bufonidae, from South America. They are found in central Andean Peru south to southern Chile and adjacent Argentina. Taxonomy The genus was placed in synonymy with ''Bufo'' by George Albert Boulenger in 1894, but it was resurrected in 2006 by Frost when splitting the then very large ''Bufo'' into smaller, monophyletic genera. This change was controversial but has now largely been accepted. The alternative, treating ''Nannophryne'' as a subgenus of ''Bufo'', still has some following. Species There are four species in this genus: * ''Nannophryne apolobambica ''Nannophryne apolobambica'' is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Bolivia and only known from its Type locality (biology), type locality on the banks of Pelechuco River, Cordillera Apolobamba, in the Franz Tamayo Provinc ...'' (De la Riva, Ríos, and Aparicio, 2005) * '' Nannophryne cophotis'' (Boulenger, 1900) * '' Nannophryne corynetes'' (Duel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
