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Tribunal De Orden Público
The ''Court of Public Order'' (Spanish: ) was a court created in Francoist Spain to deal with most political crimes. It was instated as the supreme body in the newly created Public Order Jurisdiction, which also comprised an additional court, the Public Order Examination Court. This jurisdiction was considered an additional branch of the ordinary judiciary (thereby it was not considered to be special or exceptional by legal standards), together with the criminal, civil, administrative and social jurisdictions. It was not part of the military courts system. Nonetheless, the Court and its jurisdiction were always considered to be a special court. Similar to the German People's Court in its goals, the court allowed for a rather fair process, leading on many occasions to the acquittal of the convict. Despite being considered a politically-oriented, biased court, the members of the court were all senior judges, many of them not members of the official party, and their decisions were ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Convent Of The Salesas Reales
The Convent of the Salesas Reales is an 18th-century architectural complex in central Madrid, Spain. Formerly a convent, specifically the convent of the Visitación de Nuestra Señora (Visitation (Christianity), Visitation of Our Lady), it was constructed and occupied by the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary, which had been founded by St. Francis de Sales and Jane Frances de Chantal, St Jeanne de Chantal. The Church of Santa Barbara, Madrid, convent's church (dedicated to St Barbara) is now a parish church, and the remainder of the complex houses the Supreme Court of Spain. During 1963 until 1977, the facility was the headquarters of the Court of Public Order, a court created in Francoist Spain to deal with most political crimes. The Court of Public Order was established in December 1963 following Julián Grimau's execution by firing squad, replacing the ''Tribunal Especial para la Represión de la Masonería y el Comunismo''. History The convent was founded in 1748 by Queen Ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francoist State
Francoist Spain (), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (), or Nationalist Spain () was the period of History of Spain, Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spanish transition to democracy, Spain transitioned into a democracy. During Franco's rule, Spain was officially known as the Spanish State (). The informal term "Fascist Spain" is also used, especially before and during World War II. During its existence, the nature of the regime evolved and changed. Months after the start of the Civil War in July 1936, Franco emerged as the dominant rebel military leader and he was proclaimed head of state on 1 October 1936, ruling a dictatorship over the territory which was controlled by the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalist faction. The Unification Decree (Spain, 1937), 1937 Unification Decree, which merged all of the parties which supported the rebel side, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Of Francoist Spain
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a State (polity), state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive (government), executive, and judiciary. Government is a means by which organizational policies are enforced, as well as a mechanism for determining policy. In many countries, the government has a kind of constitution, a statement of its governing principles and philosophy. While all types of organizations have governance, the term ''government'' is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200 list of sovereign states, independent national governments and government agency, subsidiary organizations. The main types of modern political systems recognized are democracy, democracies, totalitarian regimes, and, sitting between these two, authoritarianism, authoritarian regimes with a variety of hybrid regimes. Modern classification systems also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terrorism
Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of violence against non-combatants to achieve political or ideological aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non-combatants. There are various different definitions of terrorism, with no universal agreement about it. Different definitions of terrorism emphasize its randomness, its aim to instill fear, and its broader impact beyond its immediate victims. Modern terrorism, evolving from earlier iterations, employs various tactics to pursue political goals, often leveraging fear as a strategic tool to influence decision makers. By targeting densely populated public areas such as transportation hubs, airports, shopping centers, tourist attractions, and nightlife venues, terrorists aim to instill widespread insecurity, prompting Public policy, policy changes through Manipulation (psychology), psychological manipulation and undermining confidence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Transition To Democracy
The Spanish transition to democracy, known in Spain as (; ) or (), is a period of History of Spain, modern Spanish history encompassing the regime change that moved from the Francoist dictatorship to the consolidation of a parliamentary system, in the form of constitutional monarchy under Juan Carlos I. The democratic transition began two days after the death of Francisco Franco, in November 1975. Initially, "the political elites left over from Francoism" attempted "to reform of the institutions of dictatorship" through existing legal means, but social and political pressure saw the formation of a democratic parliament in the 1977 Spanish general election, 1977 general election, which had the imprimatur to write a new constitution that was then approved by referendum in December 1978. The following years saw the beginning of the development of the rule of law and establishment of Autonomous communities of Spain, regional government, amidst ongoing terrorism, an 1981 Spanish cou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Audiencia Nacional
The Audiencia Nacional (; ) is a high court in Spain with jurisdiction over all of the Spanish territory. It is specialised in certain kinds of crime, having original jurisdiction over major crimes such as those committed against the Crown and its members, terrorism, currency counterfeiting, credit/debit card and check fraud, certain kinds of business crime committed across regional borders, as well as drug trafficking, food and medical fraud committed on a nationwide level as well as over international crimes which come under the competence of Spanish courts.LOPJ § 65. It has also appellate jurisdiction over the cases of the Criminal Chamber of the National CourtLOPJ § 64. Most of the rulings of the National Court can ultimately be appealed before the Supreme Court. Its seat lies in Madrid, at Calle García Gutiérrez, 1, located across the Plaza Villa de Paris from the Supreme Court. The Audiencia Nacional was created in 1977 at the same time as the Court of Public Order, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universidad Complutense De Madrid
The Complutense University of Madrid (, UCM; ) is a public research university located in Madrid. Founded in Alcalá in 1293 (before relocating to Madrid in 1836), it is one of the oldest operating universities in the world, and one of Spain's most prestigious institutions of higher learning. It is located on a sprawling campus that occupies the entirety of the Ciudad Universitaria district of Madrid, with annexes in the district of Somosaguas in the neighboring city of Pozuelo de Alarcón. It is named after the ancient Roman settlement of Complutum, now an archeological site in Alcalá de Henares, just east of Madrid. It enrolls over 86,000 students, making it the eighth largest non-distance European university by enrollment. By Royal Decree of 1857, the Central University was the first and only institution in Spain authorized to grant doctorate degrees throughout the Spanish Empire. In 1909, the Central University became one of the first universities in the world to grant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Workers' Commissions
The Workers' Commissions () since the 1970s has become the largest trade union in Spain. It has more than one million members, and is the most successful union in labor elections, competing with the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), which is historically affiliated with the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), and with the anarcho-syndicalism, anarcho-syndicalist General Confederation of Labor (Spain), Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT), which is usually a distant third. The CCOO were organized in the 1960s by the Communist Party of Spain (main), Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and workers' Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic groups to fight against Francoist Spain, and for labor rights (in opposition to the non-representative "vertical unions" in the Spanish Labour Organization). The various organizations formed a single entity after a 1976 Congress in Barcelona. Along with other unions like the Unión Sindical Obrera (USO) and the UGT, it called a general strike ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proceso 1001
The Proceso 1001 or Proceso 1001 de 1972 ( or '1972 Trial 1001') of the Court of Public Order took place during the Franco dictatorship in Spain, in 1973, although it began in 1972. It resulted in the sentencing to prison of the entire leadership of the Workers' Commissions trade union. History On 24 June 1972, the leadership of Workers' Commissions, an illegal trade union and main opponent of the dictatorship in the labor sphere, was arrested at the convent of the Oblates in Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid) where it was meeting with the workers. They remained imprisoned until the trial was held over a year later. The trial finally took place on the 20th -which coincided with the assassination of the President of the Government, Luis Carrero Blanco, which caused the suspension of the trial for a few hours-, 21 and 22 December 1973. The defendants faced the accusation of being leaders of the Workers' Commissions, and as such belonging to an illegal organization due to their alleged ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
La Vanguardia
' (; , ) is a Spanish daily newspaper founded in 1881. It is printed in Spanish and, since 3 May 2011, also in Catalan. It has its headquarters in Barcelona and is Catalonia's leading newspaper. Despite being mostly distributed in Catalonia, ' is Spain's fourth-highest circulation among general-interest newspapers, trailing only the three main Madrid-based ones – ', ' and '' ABC'' – all of which are national newspapers with offices and local editions throughout the country. The newspaper's editorial line leans to the centre of politics and is moderate in its opinions, but Francoist Spain, it followed Francoist ideology. It retains Catholic sensibilities and strong ties to the Spanish nobility through the Godó family. History and profile Beginnings On 1 February 1881 in Barcelona, two businessmen from Igualada, Carlos and Bartolomé Godó, first published the paper. It was defined as a ''Diario político de avisos y notícias'' (Political Newspaper of Announcements and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caso Montenegro
Spanish National Liberation Front (), better known by its acronym FELN, was a Spanish Republican antifascist opposition group based in Belgium and France active between 1963 and 1970. Its founder was Julio Álvarez del Vayo. History The FELN was founded in February 1964 after the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) abandoned the armed struggle under the leadership of Santiago Carrillo, which resulted in the waning of the activity of the Spanish Maquis. The new group was led by Julio Álvarez del Vayo and other communists who were disappointed by the PCE's shift in policy and who wanted to keep the armed struggle going against Francoist rule. Its main points were two: *To keep the fight going on within Spain. *To carry out every necessary action in order to overthrow the Francoist Regime. FELN's line, beside being pro-Republican and anti-Francoist, was very Anti-American, being one of the first groups demanding the closure of US military bases in Spain. Álvarez del Vayo's ambition ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public-order Crime
In criminology, public-order crime is defined by Siegel (2004) as "crime which involves acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently", i.e., it is behaviour that has been labelled criminal because it is contrary to shared Norm (sociology), norms, social values, and Convention (norm), customs. Robertson (1989:123) maintains a crime is nothing more than "an act that contravenes a law". Generally speaking, Deviance (sociology), deviancy is criminalization, criminalized when it is too disruptive and has proved uncontrollable through informal sanctions. Public-order crime should be distinguished from political crime. In the former, although the identity of the "victim" may be indirect and sometimes diffuse, it is cumulatively the community that suffers, whereas in a political crime, the State (polity), state perceives itself to be the victim and criminalizes the behaviour it considers threatening. Thus, public-order crime includ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
