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Treehopper
Treehoppers (more precisely typical treehoppers to distinguish them from the Aetalionidae) and thorn bugs are members of the family Membracidae, a group of insects related to the cicadas and the leafhoppers. About 3,200 species of treehoppers in over 400 genera are known.Treehoppers. Dr. Metcalf. NCSU Libraries. North Carolina State University. They are found on all continents except Antarctica; only five species are known from . Individual treehoppers usually live for only a few months. Morphology Treehoppers, due to their unusual appearance, have long interested |
Stictocephala Bisonia
The buffalo treehopper (''Stictocephala bisonia'') is a species of treehopper belonging to the subfamily Smiliinae. It is sometimes Taxonomy (biology), classified as ''Ceresa bisonia''. Distribution This species is native to North America, but now it is widespread throughout southern Europe and it is also present in the Near East and in North Africa. Appearance Buffalo treehoppers are a bright green color and have a somewhat triangular shape that helps camouflage them so as to resemble Thorns, spines, and prickles, thorns or a twiggy protuberance.John A. Jackman,Bastiaan M. Drees - A Field Guide to Common Texas Insects - Taylor Trade Publishing It gets its name from the vague resemblance of its profile to that of an American bison. They grow to 6 to 8 millimeters (0.24 to 0.31 in) long and have transparent wings. (MHNT) Stictocephala bisonia.jpg, ''Stictocephala bisonia'' Side view (MHNT) Stictocephala bisonia - Face.jpg, Front view (MHNT) Stictocephala bisonia - dorsal.jpg, D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centrotinae
Centrotinae is a subfamily within the treehoppers ( Membracidae) and is the largest and only subfamily with a worldwide distribution of species. There are nearly 1350 species placed in 216 genera. Species in the genus make use of a wide range of host plants belonging to 105 plant families with dominant ones being Leguminosae, Compositae, Solanaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. Most species have relationships with ants that tend them for honeydew. The Centrotinae typically have the posterior pronotal process not concealing the scutellum and the forewing has the clavus truncated at the apex and having a broad apical limbus. Exceptions in which the scutellum are partly concealed can be found both in the New and Old World. Classification ''BioLib'' includes the following tribes (several monogeneric) within the subfamily: ;Beaufortianini # '' Beaufortiana'' # '' Centrolobus'' # '' Centrotusoides'' # '' Centruchus'' # '' Dukeobelus'' # '' Imporcitor (treehopper)'' # '' Mabokiana'' # ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aetalionidae
Aetalionidae are a family of treehoppers in the superfamily Membracoidea. Aetalionidae are somewhat like Membracidae in that they have one to three rows of short spines on the hind tibia but differ in having the front femur fused to the trochanter and the scutellum is completely exposed. The females have finger-like protrusions on the genital capsule. The family is mostly Neotropical. The subfamily Biturritiinae is Neotropical while the subfamily Aetalioninae has a Neotropical genus '' Aetalion'' and the sole Old World representative genus ''Darthula'' with a single species '' Darthula hardwickii'' (which is eaten in parts of China and India). They form aggregations on the branches of trees where they produce honeydew and are associated with ants and stingless bees. Aetalionid treehoppers are also known for their maternal care with females standing guard over their eggs. When disturbed, species like ''Darthula hardwickii'' are known to raise their tails in a threatening postur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Membracinae
Membracinae is a subfamily of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. There are more than 40 genera in Membracinae, mostly recorded from the Americas. Genera These 44 genera belong to the subfamily Membracinae: * ''Acanthicoides'' Metcalf, 1952 * ''Aconophora'' Fairmaire, 1846 * ''Alchisme'' Kirkaldy, 1904 * ''Bolbonota'' Amyot & Serville, 1843 * ''Bolbonotodes'' Fowler, 1894 * ''Calloconophora'' Dietrich, 1991 * ''Campylenchia'' Stål, 1869 * ''Cladonota'' Stål, 1869 * ''Enchenopa'' Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 * ''Enchophyllum'' Amyot & Serville, 1843 * ''Erechtia'' Walker, 1858 * ''Eunusa'' Pinto da Fonseca, 1974 * ''Folicarina'' Sakakibara, 1992 * ''Guayaquila'' Goding, 1920 * ''Havilandia'' Dietrich & McKamey, 1995 * ''Hypsoprora'' Stål, 1869 * ''Hypsoprorachis'' Fonseca & Diringshofen, 1969 * ''Jibarita'' Ramos, 1957 * ''Kronides'' Kirkaldy, 1904 * ''Leioscyta'' Fowler, 1894 * ''Lewdeitzia'' Dietrich & McKamey, 1995 * ''Membracis'' Fabricius, 1775 * ''Metcalfiella'' L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smiliinae
Smiliinae is a subfamily of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. These are bugs and include about 100 genera (and 4 unorganized genera) in 10 tribes, most which are found in the Americas, with the exception of the tribe Ceresini which has Palaearctic representatives. Tribes and genera These genera belong to the subfamily Smiliinae: ;incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ... # '' Antianthe'' Fowler, 1895 # '' Hemicardiacus'' Plummer, 1945 # '' Smilirhexia'' McKamey, 2008 # '' Tropidarnis'' Fowler, 1894 Acutalini Authority: Fowler, 1895 # '' Acutalis'' Fairmaire, 1846 # '' Bordoniana'' Sakakibara, 1999 # '' Cornutalis'' Sakakibara, 1998 # '' Euritea'' Stål, 1867 # '' Thrasymedes Kirkaldy, 1904 ; Amastrini # '' Amastris'' Stål, 1862 # '' Aurimastris' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parachartergus Apicalis
''Parachartergus apicalis'' is a species of wasp in the Polistinae subfamily, found in the Neotropics. It was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1804. In Honduras, they are known as ', which translates into English as "white wings". Behaviour They have been observed to swarm when they move between nests, with the behaviour occurring between April and May in Paraguay. At times they form temporary compact clusters along the route of the swarm; each cluster is evenly spaced and individuals move from one clump to the next, with the clumps at the back shrinking, whilst those at the front grow. It is uncertain how they navigate between the clumps, but it is thought they use either visual or olfactory cues. False swarming can also occur when strong winds prevent foragers from entering the nest. They have been recorded to tend species of treehopper, plant sap-feeding insects, during the daytime, an example of a mutualistic relationship. The wasp protects the treehopper ny ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heteronotinae
Heteronotinae is a subfamily of treehoppers belonging to the family Membracidae. All genera are placed in the single tribe, Heteronotini. Genera # '' Allodrilus'' # '' Anchistrotus'' # '' Darnoides'' # '' Dysyncritus'' # '' Heteronotus'' # '' Iria'' # '' Nassunia'' # '' Omolon (insect)'' # '' Rhexia (insect)'' # '' Smiliorachis'' References Membracidae Hemiptera subfamilies Taxa described in 1926 {{Auchenorrhyncha-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naturalist
Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is called a naturalist or natural historian. Natural history encompasses scientific research but is not limited to it. It involves the systematic study of any category of natural objects or organisms, so while it dates from studies in the ancient Greco-Roman world and the mediaeval Arabic world, through to European Renaissance naturalists working in near isolation, today's natural history is a cross-discipline umbrella of many specialty sciences; e.g., geobiology has a strong multidisciplinary nature. Definitions Before 1900 The meaning of the English term "natural history" (a calque of the Latin ''historia naturalis'') has narrowed progressively with time, while, by contrast, the meaning of the related term "nature" has widened (see also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Predator
Predation is a biological interaction in which one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common List of feeding behaviours, feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill the Host (biology), host) and parasitoidism (which always does, eventually). It is distinct from Scavenger, scavenging on dead prey, though many predators also scavenge; it overlaps with Herbivore, herbivory, as Seed predation, seed predators and destructive frugivores are predators. Predation behavior varies significantly depending on the organism. Many predators, especially carnivores, have evolved distinct hunting strategy, hunting strategies. Pursuit predation involves the active search for and pursuit of prey, whilst ambush predation, ambush predators instead wait for prey to present an opportunity for capture, and often use stealth or aggressive mimicry. Other predators are opportunism, opportunistic or om ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutualism (biology)
Mutualism describes the ecological Biological interaction, interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. Mutualism is a common type of Ecology, ecological interaction. Prominent examples are: * the nutrient exchange between vascular plants and mycorrhizal fungi, * the Fertilisation, fertilization of flowering plants by pollinators, * the ways plants use fruits and edible seeds to encourage animal aid in seed dispersal, and * the way corals become photosynthetic with the help of the microorganism zooxanthellae. Mutualism can be contrasted with interspecific competition, in which each species experiences ''reduced'' fitness, and Cheating (biology), exploitation, and with parasitism, in which one species benefits at the expense of the other. However, mutualism may evolve from interactions that began with imbalanced benefits, such as parasitism. The term ''mutualism'' was introduced by Pierre-Joseph van Beneden in his 1876 book ''Animal Parasites an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insect Mouthparts
Insects have arthropod mouthparts, mouthparts that may vary greatly across insect species, as they are adapted to particular modes of feeding. The earliest insects had chewing mouthparts. Most specialisation of mouthparts are for piercing and sucking, and this mode of feeding has evolved a number of times independently. For example, mosquitoes (which are true flies) and aphids (which are Hemiptera, true bugs) both pierce and suck, though female mosquitoes feed on animal blood whereas aphids feed on plant fluids. Evolution Like most external features of arthropods, the mouthparts of Hexapoda are highly derived. Insect mouthparts show a multitude of different functional mechanisms across the wide diversity of insect species. It is common for significant Homology (biology), homology to be conserved, with matching structures forming from matching Primordium, primordia, and having the same evolutionary origin. However, even if structures are almost physically and functionally identica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Instar
An instar (, from the Latin '' īnstar'' 'form, likeness') is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, which occurs between each moult (''ecdysis'') until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order to grow or assume a new form. Differences between instars can often be seen in altered body proportions, colors, patterns, changes in the number of body segments or head width. After shedding their exoskeleton (moulting), the juvenile arthropods continue in their life cycle until they either pupate or moult again. The instar period of growth is fixed; however, in some insects, like the salvinia stem-borer moth, the number of instars depends on early larval nutrition. Some arthropods can continue to moult after sexual maturity, but the stages between these subsequent moults are generally not called instars. For most insect species, an ''instar'' is the developmental stage of the larval forms of holometabolous (complete metamorphism) or ny ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
