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Three Solae
The three ''solae'' or five ''solae'' ( from the Latin ', lit. "alone"; occasionally Anglicized to five solas) of the Protestant Reformation are a foundational set of Christian theological principles theorized to be central to the doctrines of justification and salvation as taught by the Lutheranism, Reformed and Evangelical branches of Protestantism, as well as in some branches of Baptist and Pentecostalism. Each ''sola'' represents a key belief in these Protestant traditions that is putatively distinct from the theological doctrine of the Catholic Church, although they were not assembled as a theological unit until the 20th century. The Reformers are known to have only stated two of the five ''solae'' clearly. Even today there are differences as to what constitutes the ''solae,'' how many there are, and how to interpret them to reflect the Reformers' beliefs. History The solae were not systematically articulated together as a set of five until the 20th century;Metz, Joh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zondervan Academic
Zondervan is an international Christian media and publishing company located in Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States. Zondervan is a founding member of the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association (ECPA). It is a part of HarperCollins Christian Publishing, Inc. and has multiple imprints including Zondervan Academic, Zonderkidz, Blink, and Editorial Vida. Zondervan is the commercial rights holder for the New International Version (NIV) Bible in North America. According to the Zondervan website, it is the largest Christian publisher. History Zondervan was founded in 1931 in Grandville, MI, a suburb of Grand Rapids, by brothers Peter ("P.J.", "Pat") and Bernard (Bernie) Zondervan, who were the nephews of publisher William B. Eerdmans. The company began in the Zondervans' farmhouse and originally dealt with selling remainders and publishing public domain works. The first book it published was ''Women of the Old Testament'' by Abraham Kuyper, in 1933. Within a few years ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philip Melanchthon
Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, an intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and influential designer of educational systems. He stands next to Luther and John Calvin as a reformer, theologian, and shaper of Protestantism. Early life and education He was born Philipp Schwartzerdt on 16 February 1497 at Bretten, where his father Georg Schwarzerdt (1459–1508) was armorer to Philip, Count Palatine of the Rhine. His mother was Barbara Reuter (1476/77-1529). Bretten was burned in 1689 by French troops during the War of the Palatinate Succession. The town's Melanchthonhaus was built on the site of his place of birth in 1897. In 1507 he was sent to the Latin school at Pforzheim, where the rector, Georg Simler of Wimpfen, introduced him to the Latin and Greek poets and to Aristotle. He was in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solus Christus
''Solus Christus'' or ''In Christo solo'' (Latin in + ablative, sōlō Christō, meaning "in Christ alone") is one of the five solae that summarize the Protestant Reformers' basic belief that salvation is by faith in Christ alone. Doctrine Through the atoning work of Jesus Christ alone, apart from individual works, and that Christ is the only mediator between God and man. It holds that salvation cannot be obtained without Christ. William A. Dyrness, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, ''Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Church'', InterVarsity Press, USA, 2009, p. 512 Biblical arguments As the foundation of the "solus christus" doctrine, various biblical verses can be invoked according to theologians. * John 14:6 – "Jesus replied: I am the way, the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me." * First Epistle to Timothy 2:5 – "Because there is only one God, and only one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus." * Acts 4:1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nominative Case
In grammar, the nominative case ( abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments. Generally, the noun "that is doing something" is in the nominative, and the nominative is often the form listed in dictionaries. Etymology The English word ''nominative'' comes from Latin ''cāsus nominātīvus'' "case for naming", which was translated from Ancient Greek ὀνομαστικὴ πτῶσις, ''onomastikḗ ptôsis'' "inflection for naming", from ''onomázō'' "call by name", from ''ónoma'' "name". Dionysius Thrax in his The Art of Grammar refers to it as ''orthḗ'' or ''eutheîa'' "straight", in contrast to the oblique case, oblique or "bent" cases. Characteristics The reference form (more technically, the ''lea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ablative Case
In grammar, the ablative case (pronounced ; list of glossing abbreviations, abbreviated ) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars of various languages. It is used to indicate motion away from something, make comparisons, and serve various other purposes. The word "ablative" derives from the Latin , the (Suppletion, suppletive) perfect, passive participle of ''auferre'' "to carry away". The ablative case is found in several language families, such as Indo-European languages, Indo-European (e.g. Sanskrit, Latin, Albanian language, Albanian, Armenian language, Armenian, Punjabi language, Punjabi), Turkic languages, Turkic (e.g. Turkish language, Turkish, Turkmen language, Turkmen, Azerbaijani language, Azerbaijani, Uzbek language, Uzbek, Kazakh language, Kazakh, Kyrgyz language, Kyrgyz, Tatar language, Tatar), Tungusic languages, Tungusic (e.g. Manchu language, Manchu, Evenki language, Evenki), Uralic languages, Uralic (e.g. Hungarian language, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jesus In Christianity
In Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God (Christianity), Son of God as chronicled in the Bible's New Testament, and in most Christian denominations he is held to be God the Son, a prosopon (Person) of the Trinity of God in Christianity, God. Christians believe him to be the messiah (giving him the title ''Christ (title), Christ''), Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament, who was prophesied in the Bible's Old Testament. Through Crucifixion of Jesus, Jesus's crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus, resurrection, Christians believe that God offers humans Salvation in Christianity, salvation and Eternal life (Christianity), eternal life, with Jesus's death Atonement in Christianity, atoning for all Christian views on sin, sin. These teachings emphasise that as the Lamb of God, Jesus chose to suffer nailed to the cross at Calvary as a sign of his obedience to the will of God, as an "agent and servant of God".''The Christology of Anselm of Canterbury'' by Dániel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Gospel
The gospel or good news is a theological concept in several religions. In the historical Roman imperial cult and today in Christianity, the gospel is a message about salvation by a divine figure, a savior, who has brought peace or other benefits to humankind. In Ancient Greek religion, the word designated a type of sacrifice or ritual dedication intended to thank the gods upon receiving good news. The religious concept is found at least as far back as Greece's Classical era and Roman authors are known to have adopted it toward the end of the 1st century BCE. It is a central message of Christianity today, in which written accounts of the life and teaching of Jesus Christ are known as Gospels. Etymology ''Gospel'' () is the Old English translation of Greek , meaning "good news". This may be seen from analysis of ( + + diminutive suffix). The Greek term was Latinized as in the Vulgate, and translated into Latin as . In Old English, it was translated as (, "good" + , "n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Material Principle
Formal principle and material principle are two categories in Christian theology to identify and distinguish the authoritative source of theology (formal principle) from the theology itself, especially the central doctrine of that theology (material principle), of a religion, religious movement, tradition, body, denomination, or organization. A formal principle tends to be texts or revered leaders of the religion; a material principle is its central teaching. Paul Tillich believes the identification and application of this pair of categories in theological thinking to have originated in the 19th century. As early as 1845 the Protestant theologian and historian Philip Schaff discussed them in his ''The Principle of Protestantism''. They were utilized by the Lutheran scholar F. E. Mayer in his ''The Religious Bodies of America'' in order to facilitate a comparative study of the faith and practice of Christian denominations in the United States. This is also treated in a theological ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authorship Of The Bible
The books of the Bible are the work of multiple authors and have been edited to produce the works known today. The following article outlines the conclusions of the majority of contemporary scholars, along with the traditional views, both Jewish and Christian. Divine authorship The rabbis of the Babylonian Talmud held that God wrote the Torah in heaven in letters of black fire on parchment of white fire before the world was created, and that Moses received it by divine dictation. The early Church Fathers agreed that the scriptures were inspired or dictated by God, but not on which writings were scriptural: as a result, the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches treat some books (the Apocrypha) as inspired, but the Protestant tradition does not. In the 20th century the vast majority of theologians, both Catholic and Protestant, moved away from the divine dictation model and emphasised the role of the human authors. As a result, even many conservative scholars now accept ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Baptist Metz
Johann Baptist Metz (5 August 1928 – 2 December 2019) was a German Catholic priest and theologian. He was Ordinary Professor of Fundamental Theology at the University of Münster, and a consultant to the synod of German dioceses. He is regarded as one of the most important German theologians after the Second Vatican Council, who influenced liberation theology and focused on compassion. Life and career Metz was born on 5 August 1928 in Auerbach in der Oberpfalz and grew up there. As a teenager, Metz was drafted into the German military in 1944, towards the end of the Second World War. Six months before the end of the war, he was captured by the Americans and sent to prisoner of war camps in Maryland and then Virginia. After the war, he moved back to Germany. He studied theology and philosophy from 1948, first in Bamberg, then in Munich and at the University of Innsbruck, He completed his dissertation on the philosophy of Martin Heidegger in 1951. Metz was ordained a priest in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl Barth
Karl Barth (; ; – ) was a Swiss Reformed theologian. Barth is best known for his commentary '' The Epistle to the Romans'', his involvement in the Confessing Church, including his authorship (except for a single phrase) of the Barmen Declaration, and especially his unfinished multi-volume theological summa the '' Church Dogmatics'' (published between 1932 and 1967). Barth's influence expanded well beyond the academic realm to mainstream culture, leading him to be featured on the cover of ''Time'' on 20 April 1962. Like many Protestant theologians of his generation, Barth was educated in a liberal theology influenced by Adolf von Harnack, Friedrich Schleiermacher and others. His pastoral career began in the rural Swiss town of Safenwil, where he was known as the "Red Pastor from Safenwil". There he became increasingly disillusioned with the liberal Christianity in which he had been trained. This led him to write the first edition of his ''The Epistle to the Romans'' (a. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
