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Thomas Gaskell
Thomas Frohock Gaskell (January 26, 1916 - 1995), or T. F. Gaskell, was a British oceanographer and geophysicist. He is known for his work relating to the seabed, currents, and the ocean's influence on climate, and for his role in the discovery of Challenger Deep. Education Gaskell attended Cambridge University on a scholarship, studying physics under Ernest Rutherford and, on Rutherford's recommendation, working as a research assistant to Edward Bullard. He received a PhD in 1940. Career Wartime intelligence During World War II, Gaskell advised the Admiralty Mining Establishment of the Royal Navy on anti-mine counter-measures, alongside Robert Boyd, Francis Crick and other recent science graduates. Journalist Anthony Michaelis has described how, despite an air raid on their facility, the great brilliance of this remarkable group of young scientists began to tell and they moved rapidly ahead. When one day the Germans laid their latest and to them unbeatable mine, combinin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oceanographer
Oceanography (), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physics, chemistry, biology, and geology. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries; ecosystem dynamics; and plate tectonics and seabed geology. Oceanographers draw upon a wide range of disciplines to deepen their understanding of the world’s oceans, incorporating insights from astronomy, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. History Early history Humans first acquired knowledge of the waves and currents of the seas and oceans in pre-historic times. Observations on tides were recorded by Aristotle and Strabo in 384–322 BC. Early exploration of the oceans was primarily for cartography and mainly limited ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allies of World War II, Allied operation that launched the successful liberation of German-occupied Western Front (World War II), Western Europe during World War II. The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 (D-Day (military term), D-Day) with the Normandy landings (Operation Neptune). A 1,200-plane Airborne forces, airborne assault preceded an amphibious warfare, amphibious assault involving more than 5,000 vessels. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June, and more than two million Allied troops were in France by the end of August. The decision to undertake cross-channel landings in 1944 was made at the Washington Conference (1943), Trident Conference in Washington, D.C., Washington in May 1943. American General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, and British General Bernard Montgomery was named commander of the 21st Army Group, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench is an oceanic trench located in the western Pacific Ocean, about east of the Mariana Islands; it is the deep sea, deepest oceanic trench on Earth. It is crescent-shaped and measures about in length and in width. The maximum known depth is at the southern end of a small slot-shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep. The deepest point of the trench is more than farther from sea level than the peak of Mount Everest. At the bottom of the trench, the water column above exerts a pressure of , more than 1,071 times the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. At this pressure, the density of water is increased by 4.96%. The temperature at the bottom is . In 2009, the Mariana Trench was established as a National monument (United States), US National Monument, Mariana Trench Marine National Monument. One-celled organisms called monothalamea have been found in the trench at a record depth of below the sea surface by researchers from the Scrip ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manus Island
Manus Island is part of Manus Province in northern Papua New Guinea and is the largest of the Admiralty Islands. It is the fifth-largest island in Papua New Guinea, with an area of , measuring around . Manus Island is covered in rugged jungles which can be broadly described as lowland tropical rain forest. The highest point on Manus Island is Mt. Dremsel, above sea level at the centre of the south coast. Manus Island is Volcanic rock, volcanic in origin and probably broke through the ocean's surface in the late Miocene, 8 to 10 million years ago. The substrate of the island is either directly volcanic or from uplifted coral limestone. Lorengau, the capital of Manus Province, is located on the island. Momote Airport, the terminal for Manus Province, is located on nearby Los Negros Island. A bridge connects Los Negros Island to Manus Island and the provincial capital of Lorengau. In the 2000 census, the whole Manus Province had a population of 50,321. The Austronesian Manus l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea in the south. The Japanese archipelago consists of four major islands—Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu—and List of islands of Japan, thousands of smaller islands, covering . Japan has a population of over 123 million as of 2025, making it the List of countries and dependencies by population, eleventh-most populous country. The capital of Japan and List of cities in Japan, its largest city is Tokyo; the Greater Tokyo Area is the List of largest cities, largest metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37 million inhabitants as of 2024. Japan is divided into 47 Prefectures of Japan, administrative prefectures and List of regions of Japan, eight traditional regions. About three-quarters of Geography of Japan, the countr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Stephen Ritchie
Rear-Admiral George Stephen Ritchie CB DSC (30 October 1914 – 8 May 2012) was a British admiral noted for his Cartography, cartographic and Hydrography, hydrographic work and as an author of many publications on hydrography. He was Hydrographer of the Navy from 1966 to 1971. Naval career Ritchie was born in Burnley, 1914, of Scottish parents, Sir Douglas Ritchie and Lady Margaret Stephen Ritchie. He was educated at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth from the age of 13, from where he went to sea at the age of 17. He decided to specialise in surveying after meeting Frederick Learmonth, Sir Frederick Learmonth, a former Hydrographer of the Navy who knew Ritchie's father through their work on the Board of the Port of London Authority. One evening, Learmonth was at dinner with the family, and regaled the young cadet with tales of surveying in distant waters. In 1936 he joined the Surveying Service, being appointed to the old coal-burning surveying ship, , operating in the South China ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics (, ) is the scientific theory that the Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago. The model builds on the concept of , an idea developed during the first decades of the 20th century. Plate tectonics came to be accepted by Earth science, geoscientists after seafloor spreading was validated in the mid-to-late 1960s. The processes that result in plates and shape Earth's crust are called ''tectonics''. Tectonic plates also occur in other planets and moons. Earth's lithosphere, the rigid outer shell of the planet including the crust (geology), crust and upper mantle, is fractured into seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates or "platelets". Where the plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of plate boundary (or fault (geology), fault): , , or . The relative movement of the plates typically ranges from zero to 10 cm annu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Continental Drift
Continental drift is a highly supported scientific theory, originating in the early 20th century, that Earth's continents move or drift relative to each other over geologic time. The theory of continental drift has since been validated and incorporated into the science of plate tectonics, which studies the movement of the continents as they ride on plates of the Earth's lithosphere. The speculation that continents might have "drifted" was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596. A pioneer of the modern view of mobilism was the Austrian geologist Otto Ampferer. The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred Wegener in his 1915 publication, "The Origin of Continents and Oceans". However, at that time his hypothesis was rejected by many for lack of any motive mechanism. In 1931, the English geologist Arthur Holmes proposed mantle convection for that mechanism. History Early history Abraham Ortelius , Theodor Christoph Lilienthal (1756), Alexan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maurice Hill (geophysicist)
Maurice Neville Hill FRS (29 May 1919 – 11 January 1966) was a British marine geophysicist. Background Hill was the son of Nobel Prize–winning physiologist Archibald Hill and his wife Margaret Hill, the daughter of John Neville Keynes and sister of John Maynard Keynes. His sister was Polly Hill and his brother the biophysicist David Keynes Hill. He was educated at Byron House, Highgate School and King's College, Cambridge, where he took his PhD and was a Fellow from 1949 and Director of Studies in Natural Sciences from 1961. In 1965, he became Reader in Marine Geophysics at the Department of Geodesy and Geophysics at Cambridge. In 1944, he married Philippa Pass, daughter of Douglas Pass, and they had two sons and three daughters, including Julia Riley and Mark Hill. Awards and honours He was elected FRAS in 1951 and FGS in 1953. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society Fellowship of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS and HonFRS) is an award granted by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John C
John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second Epistle of John, often shortened to 2 John * Third Epistle of John, often shortened to 3 John People * John the Baptist (died ), regarded as a prophet and the forerunner of Jesus Christ * John the Apostle (died ), one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ * John the Evangelist, assigned author of the Fourth Gospel, once identified with the Apostle * John of Patmos, also known as John the Divine or John the Revelator, the author of the Book of Revelation, once identified with the Apostle * John the Presbyter, a figure either identified with or distinguished from the Apostle, the Evangelist and John of Patmos Other people with the given name Religious figures * John, father of Andrew the Apostle and Saint Peter * Pope John ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HMS Challenger (1931)
HMS ''Challenger'' was a survey ship of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy associated with the discovery of Challenger Deep, the deepest point in the oceans. She was laid down in 1930 at Chatham Dockyard and built in a dry dock, before being moved to Portsmouth for completion and commissioning on 15 March 1932. Service history Pre-war surveys Until the outbreak of the Second World War, ''Challenger'' surveyed the waters around the United Kingdom, Labrador, the West Indies, and the East Indies. On 23 September 1932, she struck a rock north of Ford's Harbour, Labrador, in the Dominion of Newfoundland () and was beached. She was later refloated. World War 2 convoys From 1939 to 1942 she served in home waters and as a convoy escort. On 11 January 1941 she was bombed, suffering at least 4 deaths on board. In June and July 1941 she and three s escorted the troop ship from Britain ''en route'' for Freetown, Sierra Leone. When the troop ship was torpedoed north of the Azores, ''C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tom Gaskell Aboard HMS Challenger
Tom or TOM may refer to: * Tom (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name. Arts and entertainment Film and television * ''Tom'' (1973 film), or ''The Bad Bunch'', a blaxploitation film * ''Tom'' (2002 film), a documentary film * ''Tom'' (American TV series), 1994 * ''Tom'' (Spanish TV series), 2003 Music * ''Tom'', a 1970 album by Tom Jones * Tom drum, a musical drum with no snares * Tom (Ethiopian instrument), a plucked lamellophone thumb piano * Tune-o-matic, a guitar bridge design Places * Tom, Oklahoma, US * Tom (Amur Oblast), a river in Russia * Tom (river), in Russia, a right tributary of the Ob Science and technology * A male cat * A male wild turkey * Tom (pattern matching language), a programming language * TOM (psychedelic), a hallucinogen * Text Object Model, a Microsoft Windows programming interface * Theory of mind (ToM), in psychology * Translocase of the outer membrane, a complex of proteins Transportation * ''Tom'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
