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The Four Loves
''The Four Loves'' is a 1960 book by C. S. Lewis which explores the nature of love from a Christian and philosophical perspective through thought experiments. The book was based on a set of radio talks from 1958 which were criticised in the U.S. at the time for their frankness about sex. Need/gift love Taking his start from St. John's words "God is Love", Lewis initially thought to contrast "Need-love" (such as the love of a child for its mother) and "Gift-love" (epitomized by God's love for humanity), to the disparagement of the former. He said that natures of these basic categorizations of love are more complicated than they at first seemed: a child's need for parental comfort is a necessity, not a selfish indulgence, while conversely parental Gift-love in excessive form can be a perversion of its own. Pleasures Lewis continues his examination by exploring the nature of pleasure, distinguishing Need-pleasures (such as water for the thirsty) from Pleasures of Appreciation, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Harvey (lettering Artist)
Michael Harvey MBE (11 November 1931 – 18 October 2013) was an English lettering artist, teacher, and writer specialising in lettering, type design, and letter cutting. His work appears in many English cathedrals and on the National Gallery, London. Originally he was inspired by reading Eric Gill's Autobiography. In the early 1950s, he learned stone carving from Joseph Cribb. He worked as Reynolds Stone's assistant between 1955 and 1961. He then became a freelance, producing some 1500 hand-lettered book jackets over the next twenty years for major publishers such as Heinemann, The Bodley Head, and Cambridge University Press. As technology changed he developed his interest in type, producing designs for Adobe Systems and The Monotype Corporation and later, with Andy Benedek for his own foundry, Finefonts. His inscriptional work included a long collaboration with Ian Hamilton Finlay. He gave talks and demonstrated widely and taught for a number of years at Poole Art College and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oliver (paladin)
Oliver (in Italian: ''Uliviero'' or ''Oliviero''), sometimes referred to as Olivier de Vienne or de Gennes, is a legendary knight in the Matter of France '' chansons de geste'', especially the French epic ''The Song of Roland''. In the tradition, he was Roland's closest friend, advisor, confidant and brother-in-law to be, one of Charlemagne's twelve peers and brother of Aude, Roland's betrothed. He dies with Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. Some critics have linked his name to the olive tree, a biblical symbol of divine wisdom. Oliver in the ''Song of Roland'' Whereas the portrayal of Roland is commonly seen as recklessly courageous, Oliver was said to exhibit poise and wisdom in combat. He tells Roland that "heroism tempered with common sense is a far cry from madness: "Reasonableness is to be preferred to recklessness" (Oxford manuscript, laisse 131). Oliver was fatally impaled from behind by the Saracen Marganice, but before dying, he used his sword, Hauteclere, to sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homosociality
In sociology, homosociality means same-sex friendships that are not of a romantic or sexual nature, such as friendship, mentorship, or others. Researchers who use the concept mainly do so to explain how men uphold men's dominance in society. ''Homosocial'' was popularized by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick in her discussion of ''male homosocial desire''. Sedgwick used the term to distinguish from ''homosexual'' and to connote a form of male bonding often accompanied by fear or hatred of homosexuality. Jean Lipman-Blumen had earlier (1976) defined homosociality as a preference for members of one's own sex – a social rather than a sexual preference. The opposite of homosocial is heterosocial, describing non-sexual relations with the opposite sex. Empirical evidence In a study presented by Rose, males and females between the ages of 20 and 28 were examined on their evaluations of same- and cross-sex friendships. Results showed a preference for same-sex friendships in both men and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterosociality
In sociology, heterosociality describes social relations with persons of the opposite sex or a preference for such relations, often excluding relationships of a romantic and sexual nature. The opposite of heterosociality is homosociality. At an institutional level, the spread of heterosociality, epitomized by the entrance of women into public life and space, is closely associated with the progress of modernization. Terminology The term ''heterosocial'' can refer to either: * an individual who prefers to befriend or socialize with the opposite sex, as opposed to homosocial (preferring same-sex social relations) or bisocial (enjoying social relations with both sexes) * a social relationship between two people who are of different sexes, as opposed to homosocial (of the same sex). Whether the term can be applied to groups of three or more people has been disputed. One possible argument is that such a group is homosocial if composed of people of a single sex, and bisocial i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friendship
Friendship is a Interpersonal relationship, relationship of mutual affection between people. It is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an "acquaintance" or an "association", such as a classmate, neighbor, coworker, or colleague. Although there are many forms of friendship, certain features are common to many such bonds, such as choosing to be with one another, enjoying time spent together, and being able to engage in a positive and supportive role to one another. Sometimes friends are distinguished from family, as in the saying "friends and family", and sometimes from Sexual partner, lovers (e.g., "lovers and friends"), although the line is blurred with Friends with benefits relationships, friends with benefits. Similarly, being in the ''friend zone'' describes someone who is restricted from rising from the status of friend to that of lover (see also unrequited love). Friendship has been studied in academic fields, such as Communication studies, communication, sociology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Attachment Theory
Attachment theory is a psychological and evolutionary framework, concerning the relationships between humans, particularly the importance of early bonds between infants and their primary caregivers. Developed by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby (1907–90), the theory posits that infants need to form a close relationship with at least one primary caregiver to ensure their survival, and to develop healthy social and emotional functioning. Pivotal aspects of attachment theory include the observation that infants seek proximity to attachment figures, especially during stressful situations. Secure attachments are formed when caregivers are sensitive and responsive in social interactions, and consistently present, particularly between the ages of six months and two years. As children grow, they use these attachment figures as a secure base from which to explore the world and return to for comfort. The interactions with caregivers form patterns of attachment, which in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ἀγάπη
(; ) is "the highest form of love, charity" and "the love of God for uman beingsand of uman beingsfor God". This is in contrast to , brotherly love, or , self-love, as it embraces a profound sacrificial love that transcends and persists regardless of circumstance. The verb form goes as far back as Homer, translated literally as affection, as in "greet with affection" and "show affection for the dead". Other ancient authors have used forms of the word to denote love of a spouse or family, or affection for a particular activity, in contrast to (an affection of a sexual nature). In the New Testament, refers to the covenant love of God for humans, as well as the human reciprocal love for God; the term necessarily extends to the love of one's fellow human beings. Some contemporary writers have sought to extend the use of into non-religious contexts. The concept of has been widely examined within its Christian context. It has also been considered in the contexts of other relig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charity (virtue)
In Christian theology, charity (Latin: ) is considered one of the seven virtues and was understood by Thomas Aquinas as "the friendship of man for God", which "unites us to God". He holds it as "the most excellent of the cardinal virtue, virtues". Aquinas further holds that "the habit of charity extends not only to the love of God, but also to the love of our neighbor". The Catechism of the Catholic Church defines "charity" as "the theological virtue by which we love God above all things for His own sake, and our neighbor as ourselves for the love of God". : the altruistic love The phrase from 1 John 4:8 ()—or () in the original Greek is translated in the King James Version as: "God is love", and in the Douay-Rheims bible as: "God is charity" (). Thomas Aquinas does not simply equate charity with "Love (religious views)#Christian, love", which he holds as a passion, not a virtue. The King James Version uses both the words ''charity'' and ''love'' to translate the idea of / ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rational Animal
The term rational animal (Latin: ''animal rationale'' or ''animal rationabile'') refers to a classical definition of humanity or human nature, associated with Aristotelianism. History While the Latin term itself originates in scholasticism, it reflects the Aristotelian view of man as a creature distinguished by a rational principle. In the ''Nicomachean Ethics'' I.13, Aristotle states that the human being has a rational principle ( Greek: λόγον ἔχον), on top of the nutritive life shared with plants, and the instinctual life shared with other animals, i. e., the ability to carry out rationally formulated projects. That capacity for deliberative imagination was equally singled out as man's defining feature in '' De anima'' III.11. While seen by Aristotle as a universal human feature, the definition applied to wise and foolish alike, and did not in any way imply necessarily the ''making'' of rational choices, as opposed to the ''ability'' to make them. The Neoplatonic ph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ἔρως
Eros (, ; ) is the Greek god of love and sex. The Romans referred to him as Cupid or Amor. In the earliest account, he is a primordial god, while in later accounts he is the child of Aphrodite. He is usually presented as a handsome young man, though in some appearances he is a juvenile boy full of mischief, ever in the company of his mother. In both cases, he is winged and carries his signature bow and arrows, which he uses to make both mortals and immortal gods fall in love, often under the guidance of Aphrodite. His role in myths is mostly complementary, and he often appears in the presence of Aphrodite and the other love gods and often acts as a catalyst for people to fall in love, but has little unique mythology of his own; the most major exception being the myth of Eros and Psyche, the story of how he met and fell in love with his wife. Eros and Cupid, are also known, in art tradition, as a Putto (pl. Putti). The Putto's iconography seemed to have, later, influenced the f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eros (concept)
Eros (, ; ) is a concept in ancient Greek philosophy referring to sensual or passionate love, from which the term ''eroticism, erotic'' is derived. ''Eros'' has also been used in philosophy and psychology in a much wider sense, almost as an equivalent to "life energy". Psychoanalysis uses the term to describe the ''universal desire'' that drives all innate needs (of the ''Id, ego and superego, id''), which according to Freud is identical to Plato's conception. The Protestant philosopher C. S. Lewis posits it as one of the four Greek words for love, ancient Greek words for love in Christianity, alongside ''storge'', ''philia'', and ''agape''. In literature Classical Greek tradition In the classical world, erotic love was generally described as a kind of madness or ''theia mania'' ("madness from the gods"). This erotic love was described through an elaborate metaphoric and mythological schema (psychology), schema involving "love's arrows" or "love darts", the source of which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
