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Silesian Walls
The Silesian Walls ( pl, Wały Śląskie, german: Dreigräben) are a line of three (or sometimes fewer) parallel earthen ramparts and ditches that run through Lower Silesia in Poland, by the towns Szprotawa and Kożuchów. The walls are about 2.5 metres tall and, at their widest, 47 metres. They run for about 30 kilometres. It is hypothesized by Maciej Boryna of the Muzeum Ziemi Szprotawskiej that the Silesia Walls were the southwest border of the Duchy of Głogów The Duchy of Głogów ( pl, Księstwo głogowskie, cs, Hlohovské knížectví) or Duchy of Glogau (german: Herzogtum Glogau) was one of the Duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian Piasts. Its capital was Głogów in Lower Silesia. Histor ... and built in 1413–1467. It is possible that rather than being military in nature the walls were designed as a type of '' landwehr'' to reduce smuggling. References * M. Boryna: ''Raport z programu badawczego Wały Śląskie 2000–2006''. * W. Schöpke: ''Die ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silesia Walls
The Silesian Walls ( pl, Wały Śląskie, german: Dreigräben) are a line of three (or sometimes fewer) parallel earthen ramparts and ditches that run through Lower Silesia in Poland, by the towns Szprotawa and Kożuchów. The walls are about 2.5 metres tall and, at their widest, 47 metres. They run for about 30 kilometres. It is hypothesized by Maciej Boryna of the Muzeum Ziemi Szprotawskiej that the Silesia Walls were the southwest border of the Duchy of Głogów The Duchy of Głogów ( pl, Księstwo głogowskie, cs, Hlohovské knížectví) or Duchy of Glogau (german: Herzogtum Glogau) was one of the Duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian Piasts. Its capital was Głogów in Lower Silesia. Histor ... and built in 1413–1467. It is possible that rather than being military in nature the walls were designed as a type of '' landwehr'' to reduce smuggling. References * M. Boryna: ''Raport z programu badawczego Wały Śląskie 2000–2006''. * W. Schöpke: ''Die ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lower Silesia
Lower Silesia ( pl, Dolny Śląsk; cz, Dolní Slezsko; german: Niederschlesien; szl, Dolny Ślōnsk; hsb, Delnja Šleska; dsb, Dolna Šlazyńska; Silesian German: ''Niederschläsing''; la, Silesia Inferior) is the northwestern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia; Upper Silesia is to the southeast. In the Middle Ages Lower Silesia was part of Piast-ruled Poland. It was one of the leading regions of Poland, and its capital Wrocław was one of the main cities of the Polish Kingdom. Lower Silesia emerged as a distinctive region during the fragmentation of Poland, in 1172, when the Duchies of Opole and Racibórz, considered Upper Silesia since, were formed of the eastern part of the Duchy of Silesia, and the remaining, western part was since considered Lower Silesia. During the Ostsiedlung, German settlers were invited to settle in the sparsely populated region, which until then had a Polish majority. As a result, the region became largely Germanised ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union. Warsaw is the nation's capital and largest metropolis. Other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, Gdańsk, and Szczecin. Poland has a temperate transitional climate and its territory traverses the Central European Plain, extending from Baltic Sea in the north to Sudeten and Carpathian Mountains in the south. The longest Polish river is the Vistula, and Poland's highest point is Mount Rysy, situated in the Tatra mountain range of the Carpathians. The country is bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. It also shares maritime boundaries with Denmark a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Szprotawa
Szprotawa (german: Sprottau) is a town in western Poland, in Żagań County, Lubusz Voivodeship. It has 11,820 inhabitants (2019). History The region was part of Poland after the emergence of the Piast monarchy in the 10th century. The first mention of today's Szprotawa comes at 1000 in the chronicle of bishop Thietmar of Merseburg, who accompanied the emperor Otto III on pilgrimage to the grave of Saint Adalbert in Gniezno. Iława, currently a district of Szprotawa, is one of the two hypothetical locations where emperor Otto III and Polish ruler Bolesław the Brave could have met.Hieronim Szczegóła, ''Szprotawski epizod Zjazdu Gnieźnieńskiego w 1000 roku w Szprotawa 1000–2000. W kręgu europejskich idei zjednoczeniowych'', Szprotawa 2000 The area was part of medieval Poland, and later on, it was part of the Polish Duchy of Głogów, created as a result of the fragmentation of Poland. It was ruled by the Piasts and Jagiellons, including future Kings of Poland John I Al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kożuchów
Kożuchów (; german: Freystadt in Schlesien) is a town in Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland. History The town was founded in the 12th century, when it was part of the Kingdom of Poland. It was granted town rights in 1273 in the process of Ostdieslung. It became part of the Duchy of Głogów/Glogau under the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by the Piasts and Jagiellons until its dissolution in 1506. While it was still a part of Austrian Silesia, the town became highly significant to German literature during the Baroque era. During the Thirty Years War in 1632, war poet Andreas Gryphius witnessed the pillaging and burning of Freystadt by the Protestant army of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. Gryphius immortalized the sack of the city in a detailed account entitled ''Fewrige Freystadt'', which made him many enemies. In the Silesian Wars of the 18th century the town was annexed by Frederick the Great to the Kingdom of Prussia and, from 1871, was part of the Second Reich. After the defeat of N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maciej Boryna
Maciej Boryna (born 28 March 1974 in Szprotawa/ Sprottau) is Polish journalist and scientific researcher, author of many books of Silesian history, founder and director of Regional History Museum F.Matuszkiewicz's in Szprotawa, co-founder and first president of Lower Silesian Forest Institute, state keeper of monuments and nature, alderman in Szprotawa (2006–2010), member in Żagański-District board of directors (since 2010), member of the Sword of Freedom. Director of researching program "Silesian Walls" and " Chrobry fortified village in Szprotawa", designer of forest preserve "Slavic Park". Awarded by Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (2008), medal of Honored for Commune Szprotawa (2002). 2017-2018 he has successfully fought about close of the minacious landfill site in Kartowice (Poland), 2018 falsely accused of character assassination regarding the company Suez Zachód, won a lawsuit 2019. His books and publications *Szprotawskie karty. Szprotawa jak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muzeum Ziemi Szprotawskiej
Muzeum Ziemi Szprotawskiej ( pl, Museum of the Szprotawa Land), established 2000 by Towarzystwo Bory Dolnośląskie ( pl, The Lower Silesia Deep Woods Appreciation Society). It is the local center for historical and archeological research pertaining to the old Szprotawa District, for the towns of Szprotawa, Małomice, Przemków and Niegosławice. In the museum structure are included: archaeology with history, archive, nature and tourism. The stable exhibitions concern general: The Stone Age, Bronze Age, Middle Ages, Iron Age and Modern Times (Germans and Soviets in Szprotawa). The most important exhibits are: * A peculiar sword from the 16th century * An anonymous chronicle of district Szprotawa from the 18th century * A dowry coffer from the 18th century * A bomber ball ( projectile) from the 15th century * Some urns dating from prehistoric times * A gravestone of Vogdt from the 18th century * Heavy machine guns from the former World War II German military airport Sprott ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Border
Borders are usually defined as geographical boundaries, imposed either by features such as oceans and terrain, or by political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. Political borders can be established through warfare, colonization, or mutual agreements between the political entities that reside in those areas; the creation of these agreements is called boundary delimitation. Some borders—such as most states' internal administrative borders, or inter-state borders within the Schengen Area—are open and completely unguarded. Most external political borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints; adjacent border zones may also be controlled. Buffer zones may be setup on borders between belligerent entities to lower the risk of escalation. While ''border'' refers to the boundary itself, the area around the border is called the frontier. History In the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duchy Of Głogów
The Duchy of Głogów ( pl, Księstwo głogowskie, cs, Hlohovské knížectví) or Duchy of Glogau (german: Herzogtum Glogau) was one of the Duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian Piasts. Its capital was Głogów in Lower Silesia. History In 1177, under the rule of Konrad Spindleshanks, the youngest son of High Duke Władysław II the Exile of Poland, the town of Głogów had already become the capital of a duchy in its own right. However, when Konrad died between 1180 and 1190, his duchy was again inherited by his elder brother Bolesław I the Tall, Duke of Wrocław. After the death of Bolesław's grandson Duke Henry II the Pious at the 1241 Battle of Legnica his sons in 1248 divided the Lower Silesian Duchy of Wrocław among themselves. Konrad I, a child when his father died, claimed his rights too and in 1251 and received the northern Głogów territory from his elder brother Bolesław II the Bald, then Duke of Legnica. Under the rule of Konrad's son Henry III the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Landwehr (border)
The terms ''landwehr'' ("land defence"), ''landgraben'' ("land ditch") and ''landhege'' ("land enclosure") refer to border demarcations or border defences and enclosures in Central Europe that were either built by settlements with the right of enclosure or to mark and defend entire territories. These measures, usually comprising earthworks or dykes as well as ditches and impenetrable lines of hedging, for protecting towns and villages date mainly to the High and Late Middle Ages and consist, in some cases, of systems over a hundred kilometres long. Comparable earthworks have been recorded since Antiquity. The Roman ''limes'' are the best known examples of earlier ''landwehrs''. The Danewerk is another example of this type of barrier. Many of these ''landwehrs'' have survived, especially in woods and forests, and are often protected as heritage sites. Purpose The construction of a ''landwehr'' was an effective way of protecting the population of a settlement or territory ag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
15th Century In Poland
15 (fifteen) is the natural number following 14 and preceding 16. Mathematics 15 is: * A composite number, and the sixth semiprime; its proper divisors being , and . * A deficient number, a smooth number, a lucky number, a pernicious number, a bell number (i.e., the number of partitions for a set of size 4), a pentatope number, and a repdigit in binary (1111) and quaternary (33). In hexadecimal, and higher bases, it is represented as F. * A triangular number, a hexagonal number, and a centered tetrahedral number. * The number of partitions of 7. * The smallest number that can be factorized using Shor's quantum algorithm. * The magic constant of the unique order-3 normal magic square. * The number of supersingular primes. Furthermore, * 15 is one of two numbers within the ''teen'' numerical range (13-19) not to use a single-digit number in the prefix of its name (the first syllable preceding the ''teen'' suffix); instead, it uses the adjective form of five (''fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
