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Sōdōmei
The , or Sōdōmei for short, was the most significant federation of trade unions in interwar period, interwar Empire of Japan, Japan. Founded in 1919 as an outgrowth of the cooperative Yūaikai ("Friendly Society"), the Sōdōmei evolved into the dominant force in the moderate, reformist wing of the Japanese labor movement. Throughout its history, it navigated a complex political landscape, shifting its ideology from cooperative business unionism to a politically engaged "realist socialism" in the 1920s, and later retreating to a defensive, non-political "sound unionism" amidst the Great Depression and rising Japanese militarism, militarism of the 1930s. The Sōdōmei's history was marked by intense internal and external conflicts. In its early years, it fought ideological battles against Anarchism in Japan, anarchist and Syndicalism, syndicalist factions, affirming a commitment to parliamentary politics and centralized organization. A more significant and lasting struggle eme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Federation Of Labour
The , or Sōdōmei for short, was a national trade union federation in Japan during the early post-World War II era. Re-established in 1946 based on its pre-war predecessor founded in 1919, Sōdōmei represented the cooperative wing of the Japanese labor movement. In contrast to more radical federations, Sōdōmei's ideology was built on accepting the framework of a capitalist society and seeking to defend workers' interests through negotiation and partnership with management, a model that resembled the mainstream unionism of the United States. From its inception, it was dominated by the Japan Socialist Party. Despite its cooperative philosophy, Sōdōmei was not passive and engaged in militant tactics when it deemed them necessary. It played a central role in the major labor conflicts and initiatives of the immediate post-war years, including the planned 1947 general strike and the creation of the Economic Recovery Council. With the support of the occupation authorities, it sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyōgikai
was a militant, communist-aligned trade union federation in Japan that existed from 1925 to 1928. Formed in the aftermath of a major split in the Sōdōmei (Japanese Federation of Labor), the Hyōgikai represented the radical wing of the Japanese labor movement in the mid-1920s. Characterized by its advocacy of class struggle, its close ties to the Japanese Communist Party (JCP), and its intense rivalry with the more moderate Sōdōmei, the Hyōgikai played a significant, though short-lived, role in the politics of interwar Japan. It grew to a membership of approximately 35,000 before it was ultimately dissolved by the government in a nationwide crackdown on communist activity in 1928. Background The Hyōgikai's origins lie in the ideological conflicts that fractured the Japanese labor movement in the early 1920s. Following a period of cooperation between various leftist factions, including anarcho-syndicalists and communists, tensions mounted within the mainstream Sōdōmei (Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yūaikai
The Yūaikai (友愛会, literally ''Fraternity Association''), or the Friendly Society, was a pioneering Japanese labor organization founded by Suzuki Bunji in 1912. Established during a period of industrial growth and social change in the Taishō period, Taishō era, the Yūaikai grew from a small Mutual aid, mutual-aid group of fifteen members into Japan's first national labor federation, with 30,000 members by 1919. It was the forerunner of the Japan General Federation of Labor (Sōdōmei), which became the dominant force in the pre-war Japanese labor movement. Initially conceived as a moderate, reformist organization, the Yūaikai sought to improve workers' lives through education, mutual aid, and the promotion of harmony between labor and capital. Its early philosophy was shaped by Suzuki's Christian humanism, Christian humanitarianism and the ideas of social reformers from the Social Policy Association. However, the organization's trajectory was profoundly altered by the so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akamatsu Katsumaro
was a Japanese politician who served in the House of Councillors for Hokkaido 4th district from 1937 to 1942. Initially a left-winger and member of the Japanese Communist Party (JCP), he shifted to the right and embraced fascism. Born in Tokuyama, Yamaguchi, as the son and grandson of high priests, Akamatsu was educated at Tokyo Imperial University and studied under Sakuzō Yoshino. After graduation he became involved in the Japanese Federation of Labour and chief of its political bureau. Akamatsu was a founding member of the JCP, but left to join the Social Democratic Party. He rose to become secretary-general of the party, but left due to his support of Japan's actions during the Mukden incident. and Akamatsu formed multiple nationalist and fascist parties before joining the Imperial Rule Assistance Association. Early life Katsumaro Akamatsu was born in Tokuyama, Yamaguchi, on 4 December 1894, to Yasuko and Shōtō Akamatsu, the high priest at Nishi Hongan-ji. His grandfa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labor Unions In Japan
Labour unions emerged in Japan in the second half of the Meiji period, after 1890, as the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization.Nimura, K''The Formation of Japanese Labor Movement: 1868-1914''(Translated by Terry Boardman). Retrieved 11 June 2011 Until 1945, however, the labour movement remained weak, impeded by a lack of legal rights,Cross CurrentsLabor unions in Japan.CULCON. Retrieved 11 June 2011 anti-union legislation, management-organized factory councils, and political divisions between “cooperative” and radical unionists.Weathers, C. (2009). Business and Labor. In William M. Tsutsui, ed., ''A Companion to Japanese History'' (2009) pp. 493-510. In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the U.S. Occupation authorities initially encouraged the formation of independent unions, but reversed course as part of broader anti-Communist measures. The legislation was passed that enshrined the right to organize, and membership rapidly rose to 5 million b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suzuki Bunji
was a Japanese politician and labor activist. He founded the Yūaikai, an organization for laborers. Early life and education Suzuki was born the oldest child of Suzuki Masuji on September 4, 1885 in what is now Kurihara, Miyagi prefecture. When he was 10 years old he and his father converted to Christianity. His family began to struggle financially when Suzuki was in middle school, and by the time he reached high school he had to pay his own way through school. These circumstances and the influences of , a missionary, made him interested in social problems. He entered Tokyo Imperial University and with his upperclassman Sakuzō Yoshino, he began attending the Hongo Congregational Church ministered by Ebina Danjo. Influenced by the church's democratic atmosphere and sympathizing with 's reformist ideas, Suzuki decided to become a social activist. Career After graduating from the university in 1909, Suzuki began working at what is now Dai Nippon printing. He got a job at th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shakai Minshūtō
The (a more accurate translation of the Japanese name would be "Social People's Party", but this naming is common in English texts) was a political party in Japan between 1926 and 1932. Amongst the three main proletarian parties in Japan at the time, the Social Democratic Party occupied a rightist position. History The party was founded on December 5, 1926, by the Japan General Federation of Labour (''Sōdōmei''), other trade unions and the Independent Labour Association, an organization of moderate leftist intellectuals. Abe Isoo was elected chairman of the party. Suzuki Bunji, Nishio Suehiro, Katsumaro Akamatsu, Shimanaka Yuzō and Kagawa Toyohiko were Central Committee members of the party. The elements which formed the new party had belonged to the Labour-Farmer Party, which opposed the inclusion of leftists in the latter party. ''Sodomei'' and other trade union had pulled out of the Labour-Farmer Party on October 24, 1926.Beckmann, George M., and Genji Okubo. The J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rice Riots Of 1918
The were a series of popular disturbances that swept across Japan from July to September 1918. Lasting for over eight weeks, the riots were the largest, most widespread, and most violent popular uprising in modern Japanese history, ultimately leading to the collapse of the Terauchi Masatake administration. The disturbances began in the small fishing town of Uozu in Toyama Prefecture and spread to more than 400 locations, including 38 cities, 153 towns, and 177 villages, involving an estimated 700,000 to 10 million participants. The riots marked a new level of labor assertiveness and were described by a Home Ministry report at the time as a "crisis in relations between Labor and Capital". The immediate cause of the riots was the sharp increase in the price of rice and other commodities following the economic boom of World War I. While a small segment of the population prospered, widespread inflation caused severe economic hardship for both urban and rural consumers. Public anger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution, social change in Russian Empire, Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia Dissolution of the Russian Empire, abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government following two successive revolutions and Russian Civil War, a civil war. It can be seen as the precursor for Revolutions of 1917–1923, other revolutions that occurred in the aftermath of World War I, such as the German Revolution of 1918–1919. The Russian Revolution was a key events of the 20th century, key event of the 20th century. The Russian Revolution was inaugurated with the February Revolution in 1917, in the midst of World War I. With the German Empire inflicting defeats on the front, and increasing logistical problems causing shortages of bread and grain, the Russian Army was losing morale, with large scale mutiny looming. Officials were convinced that if Tsar Nicholas II abdicated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sakuzō Yoshino
was a Japanese academic, historian, author and professor of political science. Yoshino was active as a political thinker in the Taishō period. He is best known for his formulation of the theory of "Minponshugi," or politics of the people. Biography Yoshino was born in Miyagi prefecture in 1878, and entered into Miyagi-Jinjo elementary school (Present-day Sendai Daiichi High School) in 1895. In 1898 he converted to Protestant Christianity. He graduated from Tokyo Imperial University in 1904. In 1906 he went to China as a private tutor for the son of Yuan Shikai, the then dominant Chinese politician. He returned in 1909 and took a position teaching political history and theory in the Faculty of Law at Tokyo Imperial University until 1924. In 1910, he went abroad for three years to study in Germany, Britain and the United States. On his return he began to write articles discussing the problems of implementing democratic government in Japan, such as political corruption and uni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Real Wages
Real wages are wages adjusted for inflation, or equivalently wages in terms of the amount of goods and services that can be bought. This term is used in contrast to nominal wages or unadjusted wages. Because it has been adjusted to account for changes in the prices of goods and services, real wages provide a clearer representation of an individual's wages in terms of what they can afford to buy with those wages – specifically, in terms of the amount of goods and services that can be bought; however, real wages suffer the disadvantage of not being well defined, since the amount of inflation (which can be calculated based on different combinations of goods and services) is itself not well defined. Hence real wage defined as the total amount of goods and services that can be bought with a wage, is also not defined. This is because of changes in the relative prices. Despite difficulty in defining one value for the real wage, in some cases a real wage can be said to have unequivoca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting took place mainly in European theatre of World War I, Europe and the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, Middle East, as well as in parts of African theatre of World War I, Africa and the Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I, Asia-Pacific, and in Europe was characterised by trench warfare; the widespread use of Artillery of World War I, artillery, machine guns, and Chemical weapons in World War I, chemical weapons (gas); and the introductions of Tanks in World War I, tanks and Aviation in World War I, aircraft. World War I was one of the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflicts in history, resulting in an estimated World War I casualties, 10 million military dead and more than 20 million wounded, plus some 10 million civilian de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
