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Százhalombatta-Földvár
The Bronze Age site of Százhalombatta-Földvár is situated on the right bank of the Danube, near the town of Százhalombatta, 30 km south of Budapest in Hungary. It is one of the largest temperate tell settlements from this period in central Europe. Excavation at the site is ongoing and producing substantial new data revealing a detailed and hitherto unknown picture of Bronze Age life from 2000-1400 BC. The Site The site of Százhalombatta is 200 m by 100 m in area. It is estimated that up to two thirds of the original area was destroyed during clay extraction by a local brick factory and by erosion from the River Danube. The Bronze Age settlement was built on a bluff with valleys to north and south, the River Danube to the east and it was fortified with a ditch to the west, a feature common to other Vatya culture tells. It was strategically positioned at the end of the Benta valley, potentially controlling access to other sites including smaller settlements within t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vatya Culture
The Vatya culture was an archaeological culture of the Early to Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1400 BC), located in the central Danube basin in Hungary. The culture developed from the Nagyrév culture with influences from the Kisapostag culture. It is primarily known for its fortified settlements, cremation burial sites, and bronze production. The Vatya culture was eventually succeeded by the Urnfield culture. Százhalombatta-Földvár, situated along the Danube River in Hungary, was a significant fortified settlement of the Vatya culture, with occupation layers reaching up to 6 meters deep. Genetic profile Genetic analysis of six individuals from the Százhalombatta-Földvár and Erd sites revealed Y-DNA haplogroup I in one individual, with two others belonging to the derived clades I2a2a1 and I2a2a1a2a. Mitochondrial DNA was varied: H2a1, J1c9, H11a, T1a1, T2b, and U5a2a. Gallery File:Gold bracelet Dunavecse.jpg, Gold bracelet from Dunavecse, Hungary, c. 1500 BC. File:Gol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marie Louise Stig Sørensen
Marie Louise Stig Sørensen (born 1954) is a Danish archaeologist and academic. She is Emeritus Professor of European Prehistory and Heritage Studies at the University of Cambridge and Professor of Bronze Age Archaeology at the University of Leiden. Her research focuses on Bronze Age Europe, heritage, and archaeological theory. Early life Sørensen was born in Denmark in 1954. She graduated from the University of Aarhus in 1981, and later received a PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1985 on the subject of the Bronze Age to Iron Age transition in Scandinavia. Career Sørensen was appointed at the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge in 1987. In 2011 she was appointed a Reader at the University of Cambridge, and in 2012 she became a Professor in Bronze Age studies at the University of Leiden. She is a Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge where she is Director of Studies in Archaeology and in Human, Social, and Political Sciences. She has rece ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Százhalombatta
Százhalombatta (; ; ; ) is a town in Pest County, Hungary. The name of this town in Hungarian literally means "One hundred tumuli" referring to the tumulus field at the edge of the town. History Groups of people had already settled in this area four thousand years ago in the Neolithic Age. On the plateau stretching over the River Danube in the Old Town, the Bronze Age population built an earthwork, the defence of which was ensured by the river in the northeast, the deep valley in the south and by a rampart in the west. The interior of the earthwork was inhabited for almost six hundred years. The layers of the settlements deposited on one another now amount to a depth of up to six meters. This tell settlement is now called Százhalombatta-Földvár. Excavation and management of the site is by the Matrica Museum as part of an international project on Bronze Age Europe. In the 7th-6th centuries BC it was the eastern branch of the Hallstatt culture that appeared in the region. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nagyrév Culture
The Nagyrév culture was a Bronze-Age culture that existed in what is now Nagyrév, Hungary. It existed alongside the Vatya culture and Hatvan cultures and was eventually superseded by the latter. The main style of pottery was a one or two handed cup with a tall funnel neck that is made in a black burnished ware. The earliest phase of the culture is also known as the Makó culture. The site Nagyrév was located on the left bank of the Tisza which was at the western edge of a flood plain.Marietta Csányi"BURIALS AROUND NAGYRÉV–ZSIDÓHALOM", p. 145.. Magyar Régész Szövetség. Sand dunes and other mounds of earth indicated to archaeologists that burials were done in groups, sometimes with up to 6 or 7 buried in one area. Findings Most burials were of cremated remains and the ashes would either be spread on the ground of the site or occasionally placed in urns. Most graves contained up to fourteen pottery pieces that held food, water and other possessions for the journey to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bronze Age Europe
The European Bronze Age is characterized by bronze artifacts and the use of bronze implements. The regional Bronze Age succeeds the Neolithic Europe, Neolithic and Chalcolithic Europe, Copper Age and is followed by the Iron Age Europe, Iron Age. It starts with the Aegean Bronze Age in 3200 BC and spans the entire 2nd millennium BC (including the Únětice culture, Ottomány culture, British Bronze Age, Argaric culture, Nordic Bronze Age, Tumulus culture, Nuragic civilization, Nuragic culture, Terramare culture, Urnfield culture and Lusatian culture), lasting until c. 800 BC in central Europe. Arsenical bronze was produced in some areas from the 4th millennium BC onwards, prior to the introduction of tin bronze. Tin bronze foil had already been produced in southeastern Europe on a small scale in the Chalcolithic Europe, Chalcolithic era, with examples from Pločnik (archaeological site), Pločnik in Serbia dated to , as well as 14 other artefacts from Bulgaria and Serbia dated to b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytolith
Phytoliths (from Greek language, Greek, "plant stone") are rigid, microscopic mineral deposits found in some plant tissues, often persisting after the decay of the plant. Although some use "phytolith" to refer to all mineral secretions by plants, it more commonly refers to Silicon dioxide, siliceous plant remains. Phytoliths come in varying shapes and sizes. The plants which exhibit them take up dissolved silica from the groundwater, whereupon it is deposited within different intracellular and extracellular structures of the plant.Piperno, Dolores R. (2006). Phytoliths: A Comprehensive Guide for Archaeologists and Paleoecologists. AltaMira Press . The silica is absorbed in the form of orthosilicic acid, monosilicic acid (Si(OH)4), and is carried by the plant's Circulatory system, vascular system to the cell walls, cell lumen, and intercellular spaces. Depending on the plant Taxon, taxa and soil condition, absorbed silica can range from 0.1% to 10% of the plant's total dry weight ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charcoal
Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents. In the traditional version of this pyrolysis process, called charcoal burning, often by forming a charcoal kiln, the heat is supplied by burning part of the starting material itself, with a limited supply of oxygen. The material can also be heated in a closed retort. Modern charcoal briquettes used for outdoor cooking may contain many other additives, e.g. coal. The early history of wood charcoal production spans ancient times, rooted in the abundance of wood in various regions. The process typically involves stacking wood billets to form a conical pile, allowing air to enter through openings at the bottom, and igniting the pile gradually. Charcoal burners, skilled professionals tasked with managing the delicate operation, often lived in isolation to tend their wood piles . Throughout histo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coprolite
A coprolite (also known as a coprolith) is fossilized feces. Coprolites are classified as trace fossils as opposed to body fossils, as they give evidence for the animal's behaviour (in this case, diet) rather than morphology. The name is derived from the Greek words κόπρος (''kopros'', meaning "dung") and λίθος (''lithos'', meaning "stone"). They were first described by William Buckland in 1829. Before this, they were known as "fossil fir cones" and "bezoar stones". They serve a valuable purpose in paleontology because they provide direct evidence of the predation and diet of extinct organisms. Coprolites may range in size from a few millimetres to over 60 centimetres. Coprolites, distinct from '' paleofeces'', are fossilized animal dung. Like other fossils, coprolites have had much of their original composition replaced by mineral deposits such as silicates and calcium carbonates. Paleofeces, on the other hand, retain much of their original organic compo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge is a Public university, public collegiate university, collegiate research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209, the University of Cambridge is the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, world's third-oldest university in continuous operation. The university's founding followed the arrival of scholars who left the University of Oxford for Cambridge after a dispute with local townspeople. The two ancient university, ancient English universities, although sometimes described as rivals, share many common features and are often jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In 1231, 22 years after its founding, the university was recognised with a royal charter, granted by Henry III of England, King Henry III. The University of Cambridge includes colleges of the University of Cambridge, 31 semi-autonomous constituent colleges and List of institutions of the University of Cambridge#Schools, Faculties, and Departments, over 150 academic departm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thatch
Thatching is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, Phragmites, water reed, Cyperaceae, sedge (''Cladium mariscus''), Juncus, rushes, Calluna, heather, or palm branches, layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. Since the bulk of the vegetation stays dry and is densely packed—trapping air—thatching also functions as roof insulation, insulation. It is a very old roofing method and has been used in both tropical and temperate climates. Thatch is still employed by builders in developing countries, usually with low-cost local vegetation. By contrast, in some developed countries it is the choice of some affluent people who desire a rustic look for their home, would like a more ecologically friendly roof, or who have purchased an originally thatched abode. History Thatching methods have traditionally been passed down from generation to generation and numerous descriptions of the materials and methods used in Europe over the past ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joanna Sofaer
Joanna Rachel Sofaer Derevenski , known as Joanna Sofaer, is a British archaeologist and academic, who specialises in the European Bronze Age, using theoretical approaches, and material culture studies. She is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Southampton. Career Sofaer received her Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree from the University of Cambridge in 1998, supervised by Marie Louise Stig Sørensen. Her doctoral thesis was titled "Gender archaeology as contextual archaeology: a critical examination of the tensions between method and theory in the archaeology of gender". She was a research fellow at Cambridge until 2000. She is a Professor of Archaeology at the University of Southampton and Director of Archaeology for the Creative Industries. Sofaer's research combines bioarchaeology and social identity, with a particular focus on childhood. Her research focuses on Central Europe and the Balkans, and Sofaer co-directs research at the Bronze Age tell settlement at S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
