|
Surya Siddhānta
The ''Surya Siddhanta'' (; ) is a Sanskrit treatise in Indian astronomy dated to 4th to 5th century,Menso Folkerts, Craig G. Fraser, Jeremy John Gray, John L. Berggren, Wilbur R. Knorr (2017)Mathematics Encyclopaedia Britannica, Quote: "(...) its Hindu inventors as discoverers of things more ingenious than those of the Greeks. Earlier, in the late 4th or early 5th century, the anonymous Hindu author of an astronomical handbook, the ''Surya Siddhanta'', had tabulated the sine function (...)" in fourteen chapters.Plofkerpp. 71–72 The ''Surya Siddhanta'' describes rules to calculate the motions of various planets and the moon relative to various constellations, diameters of various planets, and calculates the orbits of various astronomical bodies. The text is known from a palm-leaf manuscript, and several newer manuscripts. It was composed or revised probably c. 800 CE from an earlier text also called the ''Surya Siddhanta''. The ''Surya Siddhanta'' text is composed of verses ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1st Verse Of The 1st Chapter Of The Surya Siddhanta Hindu Astronomy, 1847 Sanskrit Manuscript Edition
First most commonly refers to: * First, the ordinal form of the number 1 First or 1st may also refer to: Acronyms * Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters, an astronomical survey carried out by the Very Large Array * Far Infrared and Sub-millimetre Telescope, of the Herschel Space Observatory * For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology, an international youth organization * Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams, a global forum Arts and entertainment Albums * 1st (album), ''1st'' (album), by Streets, 1983 * 1ST (SixTones album), ''1ST'' (SixTones album), 2021 * First (David Gates album), ''First'' (David Gates album), 1973 * ''First'', by Denise Ho, 2001 * First (O'Bryan album), ''First'' (O'Bryan album), 2007 * First (Raymond Lam album), ''First'' (Raymond Lam album), 2011 Extended plays * ''1st'', The Rasmus discography, by The Rasmus, 1995 * First (Baroness EP), ''First'' (Baroness EP), 2004 * First (Ferlyn G EP), ''First'' (Ferlyn G EP), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lunar Distance (astronomy)
The instantaneous Earth–Moon distance, or distance to the Moon, is the distance from the center of Earth to the center of the Moon. In contrast, the Lunar distance (LD or \Delta_), or Earth–Moon characteristic distance, is a unit of measure in astronomy. More technically, it is the semi-major axis of the geocentric orbit of the Moon, lunar orbit. The average lunar distance is approximately , or 1.3 light-seconds. It is roughly 30 times Earth radius, Earth's diameter and a non-stop plane flight traveling that distance would take more than two weeks. Around 389 lunar distances make up an astronomical unit (roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun). Lunar distance is commonly used to express the distance to near-Earth object encounters. Lunar semi-major axis is an important astronomical datum. It has implications for testing gravitational theories such as general relativity and for refining other astronomical values, such as the Earth mass, mass, Earth radius, radius, and Ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kim Plofker
Kim Leslie Plofker (born November 25, 1964) is an American historian of mathematics, specializing in Indian mathematics. Education and career Born in Chennai, India, Plofker received her bachelor's degree in mathematics from Haverford College. She received her Ph.D. in 1995 while studying with adviser David Pingree (Mathematical Approximation by Transformation of Sine Functions in Medieval Sanskrit Astronomical Texts) from Brown University, where she conducted research and later joined as a guest professor. In the late 1990s, she was Technical Director of the American Committee for South Asian Manuscripts of the American Oriental Society, where she was also concerned with the development of programs for the text comparison. From 2000 to 2004, she was at the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During 2004 and 2005, she was a visiting professor in Utrecht and at the same time Fellow of the International Institute ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Utpala (astronomer)
Utpala, also known as (') was an astronomer from Kashmir region of present-day India, who lived in the 9th or the 10th century. He wrote several Sanskrit-language texts on astrology and astronomy, the best-known being his commentaries on the works of the 6th-century astrologer-astronomer Varāhamihira. Date Utpala dates two of his commentaries on Varāhamihira's works to the year 888 of the ''Shaka kāla''. Assuming that Utpala refers to current year of the Shaka era beginning in 78 CE, these works can be dated to 965-966 CE. * For example, a verse in ''Jagac-candrikā'' - his commentary on the ''Bṛhaj-jātaka'' - states that he finished the work on the 5th day of the shukla paksha, bright half of the Chaitra month. This day began on Thursday, 9 March 965 CE and ended on Friday. Utpala states that he completed his work on Thursday. * Similarly, a verse in ''Saṃhitā-vivṛti'' - his commentary on the ''Bṛhat-saṃhitā'' - states that he finished it on the 2nd day of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vasishtha Siddhanta
Vashishtha Siddhanta is one of the earliest astronomical systems in use in India, which is summarized in Varahamihira's '' Pancha-siddhantika''(6th century). It is attributed to sage Vasishtha and claims a date of composition of 1,299,101 BCE. The original text probably dated to the 4th century, but it has been lost and our knowledge of it is restricted to Varahamira's account. Alberuni ascribes the work to Vishnuchandra. There is a modern work bearing the title ''Vasishtha Siddhantika''.Albrecht Weber Friedrich Albrecht Weber (; 17 February 1825 – 30 November 1901) was a Prussian-German Indologist and historian who studied the history of Jainism in India. Some older sources have the first and middle names interchanged. Biography Weber was ..., The History of Indian Literature, p. 258; Romesh Chunder Dutt, A History of Civilization in Ancient India, p. 209 References {{astronomy-stub Hindu astronomy Indian astronomy texts Ancient Indian astronomical works ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romaka Siddhanta
The ''Romaka Siddhanta'' (), literally "The Doctrine of the Romans", is one of the five '' siddhantas'' (doctrine or tradition) mentioned in Varahamihira's '' Panchasiddhantika'' which is an Indian astronomical treatise. ''Romaka Siddhanta'' is based on the astronomical learning of the Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire.McEvilley, (2001), p385 Content It is the only one of all Indian astronomical works which is based on the tropical system. It was considered one of "The Five Astronomical Canons" in India in the 5th century. See also *Paulisa Siddhanta * Indian science and technology *Indian mathematics *Indian astronomy Astronomy has a long history in the Indian subcontinent, stretching from History of India, pre-historic to History of India (1947–present), modern times. Some of the earliest roots of Indian astronomy can be dated to the period of Indus Valle ... Notes References * * Sarma, Nataraja (2000), "Diffusion of Astronomy in the An ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paulisa Siddhanta
The Pauliṣa Siddhānta (literally, "The scientific-treatise of Pauliṣa Muni") refers to multiple Indian astronomical treatises, at least one of which is based on a Western source. "'' Siddhānta''" literally means "doctrine" or "tradition". It is often mistakenly thought to be a single work and attributed to Paul of Alexandria (c. 378 CE). However, this notion has been rejected by other scholars in the field, notably by David Pingree who stated that "...the identification of Paulus Alexandrinus with the author of the ''Pauliṣa Siddhānta'' is totally false". Similarly, K. V. Sarma writes that it is from a Greek source, known only as Pauliṣa. Alberuni wrote that the Siddhanta is based on the teaching of a Greek named Paulus. The earlier Pauliṣa-siddhānta dates from the third or fourth century, and the later Pauliṣa-siddhānta from the eighth century. Similar to the Yavanajātaka ("The Sayings of the Greeks"), the Pauliṣa Siddhānta is an example of Hellenistic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Varāhamihira
Varāhamihira ( 20/21 March 505 – 587), also called Varāha or Mihira, was an ancient Indian astrologer-astronomer who lived in or around Ujjain in present-day Madhya Pradesh, India. Date Unlike other prominent ancient Indian astronomers, Varāhamihira does not mention his date. However, based on hints in his works, modern scholars date him to the 6th century CE; possibly, he also lived during the last years of the 5th century. In his '' Pancha-siddhantika'', Varāhamihira refers to the year 427 of the ''Shaka-kala'' (also ''Shakendra-kala'' or ''Shaka-bhupa-kala''). Identifying this calendar era with the Shaka era places Varāhamihira in the 505 CE. Alternative theories identify this calendar era with other eras, placing him before the 5th century CE. However, these theories are inaccurate, as Varāhamihira must have lived after Aryabhata (born 476 CE), whose work he refers to. The particulars of the date mentioned by Varāhamihira - Shukla '' pratipada'' of the Chai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pancha-siddhantika
''Pancha-siddhantika'' (IAST: ''Pañca-siddhāntikā'') is a 6th-century CE Sanskrit- language text written by astrologer-astronomer Varāhamihira in present-day Ujjain, India. It summarizes the contents of the treatises of the five contemporary schools of astronomy ( siddhantas) prevalent in India. Date The text refers to the Shaka year 427, which corresponds to 505 CE. Indian writers on astrology and astronomy generally chose an epoch year close to the date of composition of their texts, in order to facilitate correct astronomical calculations. Thus, 505 CE was most probably the year in which Varāhamihira composed ''Pancha-Siddhantaka'' or began planning it. The writings of both Varāhamihira and his commentator Utpala suggest that the text was Varāhamihira's first work. However, some scholars believe that 505 CE was the year of Varāhamihira's birth or of another important event in his life. This is because according to Amaraja, the author of a commentary on Brahmagupta's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamic Geography
Medieval Islamic geography and cartography refer to the study of geography and cartography in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age (variously dated between the 8th century and 16th century). Muslim scholars made advances to the map-making traditions of earlier cultures, explorers and merchants learned in their travels across the Old World (Afro-Eurasia). Islamic geography had three major fields: exploration and navigation, physical geography, and cartography and mathematical geography. Islamic geography reached its apex with Muhammad al-Idrisi in the 12th century. History 8th and 9th century Islamic geography began in the 8th century, influenced by Hellenistic geography, combined with what explorers and merchants learned in their travels across the Old World (Afro-Eurasia). Muslim scholars engaged in extensive exploration and navigation during the 9th-12th centuries, including journeys across the Muslim world, in addition to regions such as China, Southeast Asia and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic
Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as ( "the eloquent Arabic") or simply ' (). Arabic is the List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language, third most widespread official language after English and French, one of six official languages of the United Nations, and the Sacred language, liturgical language of Islam. Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
