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Sumerian Rulers
The history of Mesopotamia extends from the Lower Paleolithic period until the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, after which the region came to be known as Iraq. This list covers dynasties and monarchs of Mesopotamia up until the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC, after which native Mesopotamian monarchs never again ruled the region. The earliest records of writing are known from the Uruk period (or "Protoliterate period") in the 4th millennium BC, with documentation of actual historical events, and the ancient history of the region, being known from the middle of the third millennium BC onwards, alongside cuneiform records written by early kings. This period, known as the Early Dynastic Period, is typically subdivided into three: 2900–2750 BC (ED I), 2750–2600 BC (ED II) and 2600–2350 BC (ED III), and was followed by Akkadian (~2350–2100 BC) and Neo-Sumerian (2112–2004 BC) periods, after which Mesopotamia was most often divided betwee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ur-Nanshe
Ur-Nanshe (, ; ) also Ur-Nina, was the first king of the First Dynasty of Lagash in the Sumerian Early Dynastic Period III. He is known through inscriptions to have commissioned many building projects, including canals and temples, in the state of Lagash,Louvre Pouysségur, Patrick , ed. "Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe." Louvre Museum. Louvre Museum. Web. 13 Mar 2013. and defending Lagash from its rival state Umma.CDLI Wiki University of Oxford, 14 Jan 2010. Web. 13 Mar 2013. He was probably not from royal lineage, being the son of Gunidu () who was recorded without an accompanying royal title. He was the father of Ak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Babylonia
Babylonia (; , ) was an Ancient history, ancient Akkadian language, Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Kuwait, Syria and Iran). It emerged as an Akkadian-populated but Amorites, Amorite-ruled state . During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was retrospectively called "the country of Akkad" ( in Akkadian), a deliberate archaism in reference to the previous glory of the Akkadian Empire. It was often involved in rivalry with the older ethno-linguistically related state of Assyria in the north of Mesopotamia and Elam to the east in Ancient Iran. Babylonia briefly became the major power in the region after Hammurabi (floruit, fl. –1752 BC middle chronology, or –1654 BC, short chronology timeline, short chronology) created a short-lived empire, succeeding the earlier Akkadian Empire, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Old Assyrian Empire. The Babylonian Empire rapidly fell apar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meskiagnun
Meskiagnun, also Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna (, ''Meskiag̃nun'' es-ki-aŋ₂-nun also , ''Meskiag̃nunna'' Dmes-ki-aŋ₂-nun-na">dingir.html" ;"title="sup>dingir">Dmes-ki-aŋ₂-nun-na ), was the fourth lugal or king of the First Dynasty of Ur, according to the ''Sumerian King List'', which states he ruled for 36 years. Bowl dedication Meskiagnun is mentioned in two bowl dedications by his wife Gan-Saman, with the same inscription: Records of temple dedication to the gods in the Tummal inscription He is also mentioned in the Tummal Inscription with his father Mesannepada, as restoring the Tummal shrine to Enlil and Ninlil in Nippur after it had "fallen into ruin": Chronological discrepancies The Tummal inscription attests to a relative date for Meskiagnun and his father between Enmebaragesi and Gilgamesh, whereas the ''Sumerian King List'' dates the father and son pair generations after Enmebaragesi and Gilgamesh. Samuel Noah Kramer Samuel Noah Kramer (September 28, 1897 – N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mesilim
Mesilim (), also spelled Mesalim (), was '' lugal'' (king) of the Sumerian city-state of Kish. Though his name is missing from the ''Sumerian king list'', Mesilim is among the earliest historical figures recorded in archaeological documents. He reigned some time in the "Early Dynastic III" period (c. 2600–2350 BC). Inscriptions from his reign state that he sponsored temple constructions in both Adab and Lagash, where he apparently enjoyed some suzerainty. He is also known from a number of fragments. Frontier mediator Mesilim is best known for having acted as mediator in a conflict between Lugal-sha-engur, his '' ensi'' in Lagash, and the neighboring rival city state of Umma, regarding the rights to use an irrigation canal through the plain of Gu-Edin on the border between the two. After asking the opinion of the god Ištaran, Mesilim established a new border between Lagash and Umma, and erected a pillar to mark it, on which he wrote his final decision. This solution was not t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uhub
Uhub (, ''u2-hub2''), (), was '' Ensi'' (Governor) of the Sumerian city-state of Kish before Mesilim. His name is missing from the ''Sumerian king list'', just as the name of Mesilim, who ruled around 50 years later. Uhub is mentioned on a vase dedicated to the god Zababa. The first inscription has been reconstructed as , ''Zamama, Uhub ensi kish-ki'' "Zababa, Uhub, Governor of Kish". Uhub is otherwise known from a few more inscriptions. Zababa Uhub Ensi Kish-ki.jpg, Transcription in standard Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform of the fragmentary inscription , ''Zamama, Uhub ensi kish-ki'' "Zababa, Uhub, Governor of Kish", British Museum (BM 129401). The second fragment from the same vase mentions "Pussusu conqueror of Hamazi". File:Hamazi inscription.jpg, "Hamazi" in the second inscription See also *History of Sumer The history of Sumer spans through the 5th to 3rd millennia BCE in southern Mesopotamia, and is taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid period, Ubaid and Uruk perio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aga Of Kish
Aga (Sumerian language, Sumerian: ''Aga'', ''Agga'', or ''Akkà''; ), commonly known as Aga of Kish, was king in the first dynasty of Kish (Sumer), Kish during the Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)#Periodization, Early Dynastic I period. He is listed in the ''Sumerian King List'' as the 23rd king of Kish and is listed in many sources as the son of Enmebaragesi. The Kish civilization, Kishite king ruled the city at its peak, probably reaching beyond the territory of Kish (Sumer), Kish, including Umma and Zabala (Sumer), Zabala. The Sumerian language, Sumerian poem ''Siege of Uruk, Gilgamesh and Aga'' records the Kishite siege of Uruk after its EN (cuneiform), lord Gilgamesh refused to submit to Aga, ending in Aga's defeat and consequently the fall of Kish's hegemony. Name The name of Aga is Sumerian language, Sumerian and a relatively rarely attested personal name in Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia), Early Dynastic times, making his identification in royal texts spottable. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enmebaragesi
Enmebaragesi ( Sumerian: ''Enmebárgisi'' N-ME-BARA2-GI4-SE ) originally Mebarasi () was the penultimate king of the first dynasty of Kish and is recorded as having reigned 900 years in the ''Sumerian King List''. Like his son and successor Aga, he reigned during a period when Kish had hegemony over Sumer. Enmebaragesi signals a momentous documentary leap from mytho-history to history, since he is the earliest ruler on the king list whose name is attested directly from archaeology. Name The name construction of "Title A Place B-e si-Ø" (Official A who is appropriate for place B) was commonly used in the Early Dynastic onomasticon. * EN (): Honorific title that was not part of the original name,Steinkeller (2015) p.44 used on kings associated with cities sacred to Inanna in the mythical historiography of Ur-Nammu's dynasty.Michalowski (2003) p.205 * ME (): Michalowski reads it as ''isib'' (priest), while Steinkeller concludes it is an abbreviated writing form of ''men'' (crow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sumerian King List
The ''Sumerian King List'' (abbreviated ''SKL'') or ''Chronicle of the One Monarchy'' is an ancient Composition (language), literary composition written in Sumerian language, Sumerian that was likely created and redacted to legitimize the claims to power of various city-states and kingdoms in southern Mesopotamia during the late third and early second millennium BC. It does so by repetitively listing Sumerian cities, the kings that ruled there, and the lengths of their reigns. Especially in the early part of the list, these reigns often span thousands of years. In the oldest known version, dated to the Third Dynasty of Ur, Ur III period () but probably based on Akkadian Empire, Akkadian source material, the ''SKL'' reflected a more linear transition of power from Kish (Sumer), Kish, the first city to receive kingship, to Akkad (city), Akkad. In later versions from the Old Babylonian Empire, Old Babylonian period, the list consisted of a large number of cities between which kingshi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Chronology
The chronology of the ancient Near East is a framework of dates for various events, rulers and dynasties. Historical inscriptions and texts customarily record events in terms of a succession of officials or rulers: "in the year X of king Y". Comparing many records pieces together a relative chronology relating dates in cities over a wide area. For the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC, this correlation is less certain but the following periods can be distinguished: * Early Bronze Age: Following the rise of cuneiform writing in the preceding Uruk period and Jemdet Nasr periods came a series of rulers and dynasties whose existence is based mostly on scant contemporary sources (e.g. En-me-barage-si), combined with archaeological cultures, some of which are considered problematic (e.g. Early Dynastic II). The lack of dendrochronology, astronomical correlations, and sparsity of modern, well-stratified sequences of radiocarbon dates from Southern Mesopotamia makes it difficult to assign a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of effective sole rule in 27 BC. The Western Roman Empire, western empire collapsed in 476 AD, but the Byzantine Empire, eastern empire lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. By 100 BC, the city of Rome had expanded its rule from the Italian peninsula to most of the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and beyond. However, it was severely destabilised by List of Roman civil wars and revolts, civil wars and political conflicts, which culminated in the Wars of Augustus, victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and the subsequent conquest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt. In 27 BC, the Roman Senate granted Octavian overarching military power () and the new title of ''Augustus (title), Augustus'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire ( ) was a Greek state in West Asia during the Hellenistic period. It was founded in 312 BC by the Macedonian general Seleucus I Nicator, following the division of the Macedonian Empire founded by Alexander the Great, and ruled by the Seleucid dynasty until its annexation by the Roman Republic under Pompey in 63 BC. After receiving the Mesopotamian regions of Babylonia and Assyria in 321 BC, Seleucus I began expanding his dominions to include the Near Eastern territories that encompass modern-day Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, and Lebanon, all of which had been under Macedonian control after the fall of the former Achaemenid Empire. At the Seleucid Empire's height, it had consisted of territory that covered Anatolia, Persia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and what are now modern Kuwait, Afghanistan, and parts of Turkmenistan. The Seleucid Empire was a major center of Hellenistic culture. Greek customs and language were privileged; the wide vari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander The Great
Alexander III of Macedon (; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II of Macedon, Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20 and spent most of his ruling years conducting Wars of Alexander the Great, a lengthy military campaign throughout West Asia, Western Asia, Central Asia, parts of South Asia, and ancient Egypt, Egypt. By the age of 30, he had created one of the List of largest empires, largest empires in history, stretching from History of Greece, Greece to northwestern History of India, India. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders. Until the age of 16, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle. In 335 BC, shortly after his assumption of kingship over Macedon, he Alexander's Balkan campaign, campaigned in the Bal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
