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Sumantri
Sumantri Peak (also spelled ''Soemantri'' or ''Soemantri Brodjonegoro''SummitPost.orgSumantri - Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering/ref>) is a sharp mountain in the western Sudirman Range (Central Papua). It rises . The peak is approximately 2 km northeast of Carstensz Pyramid (4,884 m), the highest mountain of Oceania. The north side of Sumantri is dominated by tremendous cliffs, part of the ''Noordwand'' (Northwall) of the Carstensz Massif, that wrap around to the eastern and western sides of the mountain. Remnants of the once mighty Northwall Firn (now separated into East Northwall Firn, eastern and West Northwall Firn, western parts) cling tenuously to the southern aspects of the peak. It is unlikely that this ice will last for more than the next 15 years. Name Before 1973 the summit was known as the NW summit of Ngga Pulu. The 1936 Carstensz Expedition called it the "Second Peak of the North Wall".Jean Jacques Dozy (2002Vom höchsten Gipfel bis in die tiefste Grube. Entde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ngga Pulu
Ngga Pulu is summit on the north rim of Mount Carstensz in the western part of the island of New Guinea rising . Trigonometric measurements showed that Ngga Pulu was (and had been for many centuries before) the highest mountain of New Guinea and also the highest summit of the Australia (continent), Australia-New Guinea continent. The elevation of Ngga Pulu in 1936 was about , and it was the highest and most prominent peak between the Himalaya and the Andes. However, due to Retreat of glaciers since 1850, glacial melting, Ngga Pulu lost a high margin of elevation in the 20th century, being surpassed by Puncak Jaya. It is surrounded by one of Indonesia's only three glaciers, including the one on Puncak Trikora. Name Ngga Pulu is the only summit of Mount Carstensz with a regular indigenous name. Sumantri and the current summit used to be called the NW and SE peaks of Ngga Pulu. Heinrich Harrer labeled the NW peak Ngapalu ohis map drawn in 1962 while calling the SE Peak (the curr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seven Second Summits
The Seven Second Summits are the second-highest mountains of each of the seven continents. All of these mountains are separate peaks rather than a sub-peak of the continents' high point. The Seven Second Summits are considered a harder challenge than the traditional Seven Summits. Definitions What constitutes a continent is a matter of some dispute among mountaineers seeking to complete this challenge. The main ridge of the Greater Caucasus range is generally considered to form the boundary between Europe and Asia. In that case, Mount Elbrus, () situated some 10 km north of the continental divide, is the highest mountain in Europe. Excluding the Caucasus Mountains, Mont Blanc () would be Europe's highest mountain. The Australian continent is defined as comprising the mainland of Australia and proximate islands on the same continental shelf, including Tasmania and New Guinea. In the convention of the seven continents, one of the continents is the region of Australasia, whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea, Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the List of countries and dependencies by area, 14th-largest country by area, at . With over 280 million people, Indonesia is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Islam by country, Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's List of islands by population, most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population. Indonesia operates as a Presidential system, presidential republic with an elected People's Consultative Assembly, legislature and consists of Provinces of Indonesia, 38 provinces, nine of which have Autonomous administrative divisi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sudirman Range
The Sudirman Range, also known as the Snow Mountains,"Sudirman Mountains (Snow Mountains)". Papua Insects Foundation. Accessed 5 August 2021/ref> Dugunduguoo, or Nassau Range is a mountain range in Central Papua province, Indonesia. It is named after the first armed forces commander-in-chief and Indonesian national hero Sudirman. It comprises a western portion of the Maoke Mountains. The highest peak in Oceania and Australasia, Puncak Jaya (4,884 m), is located here, as well as the large Grasberg copper and gold mine, operated by the Freeport company based out of the United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 .... Other peaks of the Sudirman Range are: * Sumantri (4,870 m) * Ngga Pulu (4,863 m) * Carstensz East (4,820 m or 4,808 m) See also * Lorentz N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carstensz Pyramid
Puncak Jaya (; literally "Victorious Peak", Amungme: ''Nemangkawi Ninggok'') or Carstensz Pyramid (, , ) on the island of New Guinea, with an elevation of , is the highest mountain peak of an island on Earth, and the highest peak in Indonesia and within Australasia. The mountain is located in the Sudirman Range of the highlands of Mimika Regency, Central Papua, Indonesia. Puncak Jaya is ranked 5th in the world by topographic isolation. When regarding New Guinea as part of the Australian continent in a biogeographical sense, Puncak Jaya can be considered the highest peak in all of Oceania, with its elevation exceeding those of the highest peaks in the nearby nations of Papua New Guinea (Mount Wilhelm), New Zealand (Aoraki / Mount Cook) and Australia (Mount Kosciuszko). Puncak Jaya is therefore often listed as one of the Seven Summits. However, since Puncak Jaya is in Western New Guinea, an area administered by Indonesia and therefore geopolitically part of Southeast Asia, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Northwall Firn
The East Northwall Firn was a glacier on Mount Carstensz in the Sudirman Range on the island of New Guinea in Central Papua province, Indonesia. Situated at an elevation of approximately NNW of Puncak Jaya, the highest summit in Oceania. It broke up in three patches in or before 2017.Kathryn HansenGlaciers in the Tropics, but Not for Long at NASA Earth Observatory, February 13, 2018 Sometime between 1936 and 1962, a single Northwall Firn split into several separate glaciers, the largest being the East Northwall Firn and the West Northwall Firn. Research presented in 2004 of IKONOS satellite imagery of the New Guinean glaciers indicated that in the two years from 2000 to 2002, the East Northwall Firn had lost a further 4.5% of its surface area. An expedition to the remaining glaciers on Puncak Jaya in 2010 discovered that the ice on the glaciers there is about thick and thinning at a rate of annually. At that rate, the remaining glaciers in the immediate region near Puncak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anton Colijn
Antonie Hendrikus Colijn (13 April 1894 in Ambarawa – 11 March 1945 in Muntok) was a Dutch amateur mountaineer who in 1936 led the Carstensz Expedition, being the first to climb the Carstenszgebergte in New Guinea. Colijn was the eldest son (of three) of the Hendrikus Colijn, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1925 to 1926 and 1933–1939. After studying at the Free University Amsterdam and gaining his doctorate at the Delft Technical University in 1919, Colijn joined the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company and worked for them in Curaçao, in the United States, Romania and, in the 1930s, in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). He was stationed at Tarakan, an island east of Borneo when the Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies. He assisted the destruction of oil installations before they were captured, and he was subsequently sent, under Japanese supervision, to Balikpapan, to deliver an ultimatum to the military commander there to surrender the local oil installatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Topographic Prominence
In topography, prominence or relative height (also referred to as autonomous height, and shoulder drop in US English, and drop in British English) measures the height of a mountain or hill's summit relative to the lowest contour line encircling it but containing no higher summit within it. It is a measure of the independence of a summit. The key col ("saddle") around the peak is a unique point on this contour line and the ''parent peak'' (if any) is some higher mountain, selected according to various criteria. Definitions The prominence of a peak is the least drop in height necessary in order to get from the summit to any higher terrain. This can be calculated for a given peak in the following manner: for every path connecting the peak to higher terrain, find the lowest point on the path; the ''key col'' (or ''highest saddle (landform), saddle'', or ''linking col'', or ''link'') is defined as the highest of these points, along all connecting paths; the prominence is the differ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reinhold Messner
Reinhold Andreas Messner (; born 17 September 1944) is an Italian climber, explorer, and author from the German-speaking province of South Tyrol. He made the first solo ascent of Mount Everest and, along with Peter Habeler, the first ascent of Everest without supplemental oxygen. He was the first person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders, doing so without supplementary oxygen. Messner was the first to cross Antarctica and Greenland with neither snowmobiles nor dog sleds and also crossed the Gobi Desert alone. He is widely considered to be the greatest mountaineer of all time. From 1999 to 2004, Messner served as a member of the European Parliament for north-east Italy, as a member of the Federation of the Greens. Messner has published more than 80 books about his experiences as a climber and explorer. In 2010, he received the 2nd Piolet d'Or Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2018, he received jointly with Krzysztof Wielicki the Princess of Asturias Award in the category ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philip Temple
Robert Philip Temple (born 1939 in Yorkshire, England) is a Dunedin-based New Zealand author of novels, children's stories, and non-fiction. His work is characterised by a strong association with the outdoors and New Zealand ecology. Career Temple's early work was non-fiction, describing mountaineering expeditions to New Guinea and New Zealand and includes ''Nawok!'' (1962), ''Castles in the Air: Men and Mountains in New Zealand'' (1969), ''The Sea and the Snow: The South Indian Ocean Expedition to Heard Island (1966)'', and ''The World at Their Feet'' (1973). Following this he produced a number of novels - ''The Explorer'' (1975), ''Stations'' (1979), ''Beak of the Moon'' (1981), ''Sam'' (1984), ''Dark of the Moon'' (1993), and ''To Each His Own'' (1999) - and many children's books, among which the most notable are ''The Legend of the Kea'' (1986), '' Kakapo, Parrot of the Night'' (1988), and '' Kotuku, Flight of the White Heron'' (1994). In 1980. Temple held the Robert Bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frits Wissel
A frit is a ceramic composition that has been fused, quenched, and granulated. Frits form an important part of the batches used in compounding enamels and ceramic glazes; the purpose of this pre-fusion is to render any soluble and/or toxic components insoluble by causing them to combine with silica and other added oxides.''Dictionary of Ceramics'' (3rd Edition) Edited by Dodd, A. Murfin, D. Institute of Materials. 1994. However, not all glass that is fused and quenched in water is frit, as this method of cooling down very hot glass is also widely used in glass manufacture. According to the ''OED'', the origin of the word "frit" dates back to 1662 and is "a calcinated mixture of sand and fluxes ready to be melted in a crucible to make glass". Nowadays, the unheated raw materials of glass making are more commonly called "glass batch". In antiquity, frit could be crushed to make pigments or shaped to create objects. It may also have served as an intermediate material in the manufa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Jacques Dozy
Jean Jacques Dozy (18 June 1908, in Rotterdam – 1 November 2004, in The Hague) was a Dutch geologist. In 1936, he participated in the Dutch Carstensz Expedition in Dutch New Guinea to explore and climb Mount Carstensz, the highest mountain of the island of New Guinea. Besides succeeding in climbing the highest point at the time with Anton Colijn and Frits Wissel, Dozy discovered the presence of abundant copper ore in a mountain he called Ertsberg (English, "Ore mountain"). Years later this gave rise to the Grasberg copper mine. In 1939, he published an article about his find, but it was neglected due to World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo .... Twenty years later, the article led to rediscovery of the Ertsberg and the development of the Ertsberg-Grasberg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
