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Sultanate Of Brunei (1368–1888)
The Sultanate of Brunei ( Jawi: كسلطانن بروني) or simply Brunei ( ), also known as the Bruneian Empire, was a Malay sultanate centered around Brunei on the northern coast of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Brunei became a sovereign state around the 15th century, when it substantially expanded after the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese, extending throughout coastal areas of Borneo and the Philippines, before it declined in the 17th and 18th centuries. It became a British protectorate in the 19th century. Historiography The limited evidence from contemporary sources poses a challenge in understanding the history of the early Bruneian Sultanate. No local or indigenous sources exist to provide evidence for this. As a result, Chinese texts have been relied on to construct the history of early Brunei. ''Boni'' in Chinese sources most likely refers to Western Borneo, while ''Poli'' (婆利), probably located in the Aceh region in Sumatra, is claimed by local authorities to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jawi Script
Jawi (; ; ; ) is a writing system used for writing several languages of Southeast Asia, such as Acehnese, Banjarese, Betawi, Magindanao, Malay, Mëranaw, Minangkabau, Tausūg, Ternate and many other languages in Southeast Asia. Jawi is based on the Arabic script, consisting of all 31 original Arabic letters, six letters constructed to fit phonemes native to Malay, and one additional phoneme used in foreign loanwords, but not found in Classical Arabic, which are ''ca'' ( ), ''nga'' ( ), ''pa'' ( ), ''ga'' ( ), ''va'' ( ), and ''nya'' ( ). Jawi was developed during the advent of Islam in Maritime Southeast Asia, supplanting the earlier Brahmic scripts used during Hindu-Buddhist era. The oldest evidence of Jawi writing can be found on the 14th century Terengganu Inscription Stone, a text in Classical Malay that contains a mixture of Malay, Sanskrit and Arabic vocabularies. However, the script may have used as early as the 9th century, when Peureulak Sultanate has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Shah Of Brunei
Muhammad Shah (born Awang Alak Betatar; died ) established the Sultanate of Brunei and was its first sultan, from 1363/68 until 1402, the year of his alleged death. The genealogy of Muhammad Shah remains unclear. He converted to Islam in the 14th century and assumed the name Sultan Muhammad Shah. Subsequent sovereigns of Brunei, governed by a Muslim administration, were referred to as sultans. Personal life According to tradition, Awang Alak Betatar and his half-brother Awang Semaun were among the 14 siblings born to their father, Dewa Emas Kayangan, and a Murut woman from Limbang. Dewa Emas Kayangan embarked on a quest for a specific type of cattle, the '' tembadau'', to fulfill his wife's desires while she was pregnant. Throughout his journey, he married women in four villages, fathered children, and ultimately had the 14 siblings mentioned. Upon finding the ''tembadau'', Dewa Emas Kayangan chose to ascend to the celestial realms, where he was known as Batara Kala di Ka ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philippines
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a total area of roughly 300,000 square kilometers, which are broadly categorized in Island groups of the Philippines, three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. With a population of over 110 million, it is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, twelfth-most-populous country. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the south. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. It has Ethnic groups in the Philippines, diverse ethnicities and Culture o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malaysia
Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula and East Malaysia on the island of Borneo. Peninsular Malaysia shares land and maritime Malaysia–Thailand border, borders with Thailand, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia; East Malaysia shares land borders with Brunei and Indonesia, and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. Kuala Lumpur is the country's national capital, List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population, largest city, and the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia, legislative branch of the Government of Malaysia, federal government, while Putrajaya is the federal administrative capi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea, Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the List of countries and dependencies by area, 14th-largest country by area, at . With over 280 million people, Indonesia is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Islam by country, Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's List of islands by population, most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population. Indonesia operates as a Presidential system, presidential republic with an elected People's Consultative Assembly, legislature and consists of Provinces of Indonesia, 38 provinces, nine of which have Autonomous administrative divisi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brunei
Brunei, officially Brunei Darussalam, is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of Limbang District, Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between its multi-landmass neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia. , the country had a population of 455,858, of whom approximately 180,000 resided in the Capital city, capital and largest city of Bandar Seri Begawan. Its official language is Malay language, Malay, and Islam is the state religion of the country, although Religion in Brunei, other religions are nominally tolerated. The government of Brunei is an absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan, and it implements a fusion of English common law and jurisprudence inspired by Islam, including sharia. At the Bruneian Emp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brunei Pitis
The pitis was a currency of Brunei, last issued in 1868, which circulated into the 20th century. It is also referred to as the ''picis'' by Antonio PigafettaBrunei History Seen Through Its Coinage – last retrieved 7 June 2008 and some variants of it were referred to as the ''kue'' and the ''paku'' (). It was later replaced by the in Brunei, which is valued at 4,000 pitis or 800 pakuOld Brunei Coins – last retrieved 7 June 2008 and at par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piloncitos
"Piloncitos" is a collectors' term for the bead-like gold masa coins used during the aristocratic era of the Philippines and in the early years of Spanish foreign rule, called bulawan ("gold piece") in many Philippine languages or salapi ("coin") or ginto ("gold piece") in Tagalog. These are pieces that formed part of various degrees of Southeast Asian gold weight such as ''amás'' (''emas'' in Malay) or '' táhil''. Gold coinage was used along with silver coinage in maritime Southeast Asian currency. Such monetary gold pieces have been found throughout the Philippines, from places such as: Mandaluyong, Bataan, the banks of the Pasig River, Batangas, and Marinduque in Luzon; Samar and Leyte in the Visayas; and in some areas in Mindanao. These gold coins are derivations of Southeast Asian silver coinage and may have evolved into the bullet or pod duang coinage of Sukhothai in Thailand. The term "piloncitos" is commonly used by antique collectors who thought that the cone-sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cowrie
Cowrie or cowry () is the common name for a group of small to large sea snails in the family Cypraeidae. Cowrie shells have held cultural, economic, and ornamental significance in various cultures. The cowrie was the shell most widely used worldwide as shell money. It is most abundant in the Indian Ocean, and was collected in the Maldive Islands, in Sri Lanka, along the Indian Malabar coast, in Borneo and on other East Indian islands, in Maluku in the Pacific, and in various parts of the African coast from Ras Hafun, in Somalia, to Mozambique. Cowrie shell money was important in the trade networks of Africa, South Asia, and East Asia. In the United States and Mexico, cowrie species inhabit the waters off Central California to Baja California (the chestnut cowrie is the only cowrie species native to the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of the United States; further south, off the coast of Mexico, Central America and Peru, Little Deer Cowrie habitat can be found; and fur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barter
In trade, barter (derived from ''bareter'') is a system of exchange (economics), exchange in which participants in a financial transaction, transaction directly exchange good (economics), goods or service (economics), services for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money. Economists usually distinguish barter from gift economy, gift economies in many ways; barter, for example, features immediate reciprocity (cultural anthropology), reciprocal exchange, not one delayed in time. Barter usually takes place on a bilateral trade, bilateral basis, but may be multilateral exchange, multilateral (if it is mediated through a trade exchange). In most developed countries, barter usually exists parallel to monetary systems only to a very limited extent. Market actors use barter as a replacement for money as the method of exchange in times of monetary crisis, such as when currency becomes unstable (such as hyperinflation or a Deflation#Deflationary spiral, de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin (1824 – 10 May 1906) was the 25th Sultan of Brunei from 1885 until his death in 1906. Pengiran Anak Hashim or Hashim Jalilul was a prominent and controversial figure in Bruneian history. Many Western visitors' narrative painted him and his surroundings in a bad light, which was consistent with the idea that Brunei was a decaying monarchy at the time. Sultan Hashim requested British help in the late 19th century to stop Rajah Charles Brooke's territorial expansions, which resulted in the 1888 Protectorate Agreement. Aware of Brunei's request for assistance from the Ottoman Empire, the British sent Malcolm McArthur to handle matters related to governance, which resulted in the 1905–1906 Supplementary Agreement. This arrangement put Brunei's government under British control by allowing a British resident to advise the Sultan on most issues, with the exception of those pertaining to Islam and Malay customs. Personal life It is unknown what ye ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Omar Ali Saifuddin II
Omar Ali Saifuddin II (died 18 November 1852) was the 23rd Sultan of Brunei from 1828 until his death in 1852. During his reign, Western powers such as the United Kingdom and the United States visited the country. His reign saw the British adventurer James Brooke becoming the White Rajah of Sarawak. Early life When his father, Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam I, died in 1804, he was still a minor followed by a physical deformity of an extra thumb on his right hand. Therefore, his grandfather, Paduka Seri Bega'wan Muhammad Tajuddin ascended the throne for the second time. Due to the advanced age of Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin, his younger brother, ''Pengiran Di-Gadong'' Pengiran Muda Muhammad Kanzul Alam acted as regent. When Muhammad Tajuddin died in 1807, the regent became the sultan of Brunei and was known as Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam. Kanzul Alam then appointed his own son, Pengiran Muda Muhammad Alam as heir to the throne of Brunei. In 1825, when Pengiran Muda Omar Ali S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
