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Spanish General Election, 1931
The 1931 Spanish general election for the Constituent Cortes was the first such election held in the Second Republic. It took place in several rounds. Background General Primo de Rivera, who had run a military dictatorship in Spain since 1923, resigned as head of government in January 1930.Preston (2006). p. 36. There was little support for a return to the pre-1923 system, and the monarchy had lost credibility by backing the military government. Dámaso Berenguer was ordered by the king to form a replacement government, but his dictablanda dictatorship failed to provide a viable alternative.Preston (2006). p. 37. In the municipal elections of 12 April 1931, little support was shown for pro-monarchy parties in the major cities. King Alfonso XIII fled the country and the Second Spanish Republic was formed. The Second Republic was a source of hope to the poorest in Spanish society and a threat to the richest, but had broad support from all segments of society. Niceto Alcalá-Z ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constituent Cortes
The Constituent Cortes () is the description of Spain's parliament, the Cortes, when convened as a constituent assembly. In the 20th century, only one Constituent Cortes was officially opened (Cortes are "opened" in accordance with a mediaeval royal proclamation), and that was the Republican Cortes in 1931. It drafted a new constitution but its work was overturned by the victory of the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War. The Cortes in 1977 enacted a new Spanish constitution which it had drafted. It was never officially considered "constituent", as the assembly chosen in the 1977 general elections was not mandated at the time to create a new constitution, but to rule under the constitution of the former dictatorship – the so-called ''Leyes Fundamentales'' ( fundamental laws). See also * Convention Parliament *Constitutional convention (political meeting) *Spanish transition to democracy The Spanish transition to democracy, known in Spain as (; ) or (), is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prime Minister Of Spain
The prime minister of Spain, officially president of the Government (), is the head of government of Spain. The prime minister nominates the Spanish government departments, ministers and chairs the Council of Ministers (Spain), Council of Ministers. In this sense, the prime minister establishes the Government of Spain, Government policies and coordinates the actions of the Cabinet members. As chief executive, the prime minister also advises the Monarchy of Spain, monarch on the exercise of their royal prerogatives. Although it is not possible to determine when the position actually originated, the office of prime minister evolved throughout history to what it is today. The role of prime minister (then called Secretary of State) as president of the Council of Ministers, first appears in a royal decree of 1824 by King Ferdinand VII of Spain, Ferdinand VII. The current office was established during the reign of Juan Carlos I, in the Constitution of Spain, 1978 Constitution, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radical Republican Party
The Radical Republican Party (), sometimes shortened to the Radical Party, was a Spanish Radical party in existence between 1908 and 1936. Beginning as a splinter from earlier Radical parties, it initially played a minor role in Spanish parliamentary life, before it came to prominence as one of the leading political forces of the Spanish Republic. Origins (1908-1930) The Radical Republican Party was founded on 6 January 1908 in Santander by the Lerrouxist wing of the Republican Union, which splintered in disagreement from Nicolas Salmerón's policy of alliance with Catalan regionalists. Initially, its structure was loose enough and its Radicalism broad enough to contain many different tendencies, notably a Radical-Socialist left wing led by Alvaro de Albornoz, a centrist wing led by Diego Martínez-Barrio and a right wing led (from 1910) by Alejandro Lerroux. Over time the left factions periodically splintered off to form more socially-progressive Radical parties suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miguel Maura
Miguel Maura Gamazo (13 December 1887 – 3 July 1971) was a Spanish politician who served as the Ministry of the Interior (Spain), minister of interior in 1931 being the first politician to hold the post in the Second Spanish Republic. He was the founder of the Conservative Republican Party (Spain), Conservative Republican Party. Early life and education Miguel Maura was born in Madrid on 13 December 1887. His father was Antonio Maura who was among the List of prime ministers of Spain, Prime Ministers of Spain. His elder brother, Gabriel Maura, Gabriel, also was a politician. Miguel Maura received a degree in law. Career Following his graduation Maura worked at the city council in Madrid. Then he was elected as a member of the Cortes Generales, parliament in 1916 and 1919 representing the province of Alicante. In April 1931 he was made a member of the Republican Revolutionary Committee and also, was appointed minister of interior in the provisional government. Maura and the Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberal Republican Right
The Liberal Republican Right () was a Spanish political party led by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, which combined immediately with the incipient republican formation of Miguel Maura just before the Pact of San Sebastián, of which they formed a part, as Alcalá-Zamora was elected president of the Provisional Government of the Republic. After the proclamation of the republic, it participated in the 1931 general election among the lists of the combined republican-socialist coalition, receiving 22 seats. Julio Gil Pecharromán, ''La Segunda República'', , pg. 42 In August 1931, the party changed its name to the "Progressive Republican Party" (). During the constitutional discussions, the progressives, together with the radicals of Lerroux, abandoned the republican socialist coalition. A little later, in January 1932, its right wing, led by Miguel Maura, split off, taking 13 of the delegates of the party to the Conservative Republican Party (). The party disappeared at the beginning of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encasillado
The "''encasillado''" was the system used to assign the seats in the general elections of the Bourbon Restoration period in Spain before they were held. This ensured through electoral fraud that the seats would be as selected by the government and the wide cacique network spread throughout the territory. It was named as such because it was a matter of "fitting" (in Spanish: ''encajar, encasillar'') the candidates of the two " parties of the day" (Conservative and Liberal) in the "grid of ''casillas''" constituted by the more than 300 uninominal districts and the approximately one hundred seats of the 26 plurinominal constituencies. The person in charge of carrying out the "''encasillado''" was the Minister of the Interior of the incoming government, who thus ensured a comfortable majority in Parliament, since in the political regime of the Restoration the governments changed before the elections, and not after as in the parliamentary regimes (not fraudulent). Development T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
El Turno Pacífico
In Spanish politics during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, ''El Turno Pacífico'' () was an informal system operated by the two major parties for determining in advance the result of a general election. The system ensured that the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party would have alternating periods in power. Operation Under the ''turno'', the incoming government would first be chosen by the king and would then "make" the election (the so-called ''encasillado'' or "pigeonholing"), ensuring victory. After a period in office, it would then be the turn of the opposition. The key to the system was the link between the minister of the interior, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (''caciques''). These ''caciques'' in most constituencies would instruct their clients how to vote. A similar system in Portugal was called . Motivation The ''Turno Pacífico'' was put in place by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and saw to it that the two "official" parties of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral List
An electoral list is a grouping of candidates for election, usually found in proportional or mixed electoral systems, but also in some plurality electoral systems. An electoral list can be registered by a political party (a party list) or can constitute a group of independent candidates. Lists can be open, in which case electors have some influence over the ranking of the winning candidates, or closed, in which case the order of candidates is fixed at the registration of the list. Electoral lists are required for party-list proportional representation systems. An electoral list is made according to the applying nomination rules and election rules. Depending on the type of election, a political party, a general assembly, or a board meeting, may elect or appoint a nominating committee that will add, and if required, prioritize list-candidates according to their preferences. Qualification, popularity, gender, age, geography, and occupation are preferences that may influence t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unicameral
Unicameralism (from ''uni''- "one" + Latin ''camera'' "chamber") is a type of legislature consisting of one house or assembly that legislates and votes as one. Unicameralism has become an increasingly common type of legislature, making up nearly 60% of all national legislatures and an even greater share of subnational legislatures. Sometimes, as in New Zealand and Denmark, unicameralism comes about through the abolition of one of two bicameral chambers, or, as in Sweden, through the merger of the two chambers into a single one, while in others a second chamber has never existed from the beginning. Rationale for unicameralism and criticism The principal advantage of a unicameral system is more efficient lawmaking, as the legislative process is simpler and there is no possibility of gridlock (politics), deadlock between two chambers. Proponents of unicameralism have also argued that it reduces costs, even if the number of legislators stays the same, since there are fewer instituti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of democratic government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of Alfonso XIII, King Alfonso XIII. It was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco. After the proclamation of the Republic, Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic, a provisional government was established until December 1931, at which time the Spanish Constitution of 1931, 1931 Constitution was approved. During the subsequent two years of constitutional government, known as the First Biennium, Reformist Biennium, Manuel Azaña's executive initiated numerous reforms. In 1932 religious orders were forbidden control of schools, while the government began a large-scale school-building project. A moderate agrarian reform was carried out. Home r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
King Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII ( Spanish: ''Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena''; French: ''Alphonse Léon Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pascal Antoine de Bourbon''; 17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941), also known as El Africano or the African for his Africanist views, was King of Spain from his birth until 14 April 1931, when the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed. He became a monarch at birth as his father, Alfonso XII, had died the previous year. Alfonso's mother, Maria Christina of Austria, served as regent until he assumed full powers on his sixteenth birthday in 1902. Alfonso XIII's upbringing and public image were closely linked to the military estate; he often presented himself as a soldier-king. His effective reign started four years after the Spanish–American War, when various social milieus projected their expectations of national regeneration onto him. Like other European monarchs of his time he played a political role, ent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dictablanda Of Dámaso Berenguer
The ''Dictablanda'' of Dámaso Berenguer, or Dámaso Berenguer's dictatorship ('' dictablanda'' meaning "soft dictatorship" as opposed to ''dictadura'', which means "hard dictatorship") was the final period of the Spanish Restoration and of King Alfonso XIII’s reign. This period saw two different governments: Dámaso Berenguer’s government, formed in January 1930 with the goal of reestablishing “constitutional normalcy” following Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship, and President Juan Bautista Aznar’s government, formed a year later. The latter paved the way to the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. The term ''dictablanda'' was used by the press to refer to the ambivalence of Berenguer’s government, which neither continued the model of the former dictatorship nor did it fully reestablish the 1876 Constitution. The Berenguer error Alfonso XIII named General Dámaso Berenguer president on 28 January 1930, with the goal of returning the country to “constitu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
