Southwest Pama–Nyungan Languages

	Southwest Pama–Nyungan Languages The Southwest Pama–Nyungan or Nyungic language group is the most diverse and widespread, though hypothetical, subfamily of the Pama–Nyungan language family of Australia. It contains about fifty distinct languages. Internal classification The Kanyara and Mantharta languages appear to be the most divergent of the Southwest languages. The others are sometimes collected under the name Nyungic. * Kanyara * Mantharta * Nyungic Ngayarda Kartu ''Nyungar'' '' Mangarla'' Mirning (Mirniny) Wati (Western Desert language) Marrngu Ngarrka–Ngumpin ** Yura Validity The proposal has been largely abandoned. Bowern (2011) restricts "Southwest Pama–Nyungan" to Nyungar plus Kalaaku (See Nyungic languages The Nyungic languages are the south-westernmost of the Australian Aboriginal languages: Nyungic Noongar language * Galaagu language (Kalarko, Malpa) Kalaamaya– Natingero Galaagu and Kalaamaya/Natingero are poorly attested; it is n ...). However, the l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller islands. It has a total area of , making it the list of countries and dependencies by area, sixth-largest country in the world and the largest in Oceania. Australia is the world's flattest and driest inhabited continent. It is a megadiverse countries, megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and Climate of Australia, climates including deserts of Australia, deserts in the Outback, interior and forests of Australia, tropical rainforests along the Eastern states of Australia, coast. The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from south-east Asia 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Period, last glacial period. By the time of British settlement, Aboriginal Australians spoke 250 distinct l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Pama–Nyungan Languages The Pama–Nyungan languages () are the most widespread language family, family of Australian Aboriginal languages, containing 306 out of 400 Aboriginal languages in Australia. The name "Pama–Nyungan" is a merism: it is derived from the two end-points of the range, the Pama languages of northeast Australia (where the word for 'man' is ) and the Nyungan languages of southwest Australia (where the word for 'man' is ). The other language families indigenous to the continent of Australia are often referred to, by exclusion, as non-Pama–Nyungan languages, though this is not a taxonomic term. The Pama–Nyungan family accounts for most of the geographic spread, most of the Aboriginal population, and the greatest number of languages. Most of the Pama–Nyungan languages are spoken by small ethnic groups of hundreds of speakers or fewer. Many languages have become extinct, and almost all remaining ones are endangered in some way. Only in the central inland portions of the continent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Kanyara Languages The Kanyara languages are a pair of closely related languages in the southern Pilbara region of Western Australia. According to R. M. W. Dixon, Dixon, languages classified as members of the Kanyara languages group are (with the varieties in parentheses sometimes considered separate languages): * Burduna language, Burduna (Bayungu language, Bayungu/Payungu); and * Thalanyji language, Thalanyji (Binigura language, Binigura, Pinikura). However, according to Peter Austin (linguist), Peter Austin, Binigura language, Binigura/Pinikura, Thalanyji, Payungu language, Payungu and Purdana (all classified as separate languages in AUSTLANG) "should probably be classified as belonging to the Kanyara subgroup". The languages are spoken in the region between the mouths of the Gascoyne River and the Ashburton River (Western Australia), Ashburton River, along the coast and extending inland. The name ''kanyara'' comes from the word for "man" in Burdana and Thalanyji. The Kanyara languages form ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Mantharta Languages Mantharta is a partly extinct dialect cluster spoken in the southern Pilbara region of Western Australia. There were four varieties, which were distinct but largely mutually intelligible. The four were: * Tharrgari (Tharrkari, Dhargari), still spoken * Warriyangka (Wadiwangga), still spoken * Thiin (Thiinma), still spoken * Jiwarli language, Jiwarli (Tjiwarli), extinct 1986 The name ''mantharta'' comes from the word for "man" in all four varieties. Phonology The following is of the Thargari dialect: Consonants * /d̪/ can also be lenited as a fricative [ð] in intervocalic positions. * /ɾ/ can also be heard as a trill [r]. Vowels Language revival , the Warriyangga dialect is one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project, being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the Department of Communications and the Arts. The project aims to "identify and document critically-endangered languages — those languages for wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nyungic Languages The Nyungic languages are the south-westernmost of the Australian Aboriginal languages: Nyungic Noongar language * Galaagu language (Kalarko, Malpa) Kalaamaya– Natingero Galaagu and Kalaamaya/Natingero are poorly attested; it is not clear how close they are to each other or to Noongar, and Kalaamaya may have been a variety of Noongar proper. A variety called ''Njakinjaki The Njakinjaki (Nyaki Nyaki) are an indigenous Noongar people of southern Western Australia, in the Wheatbelt and Great Southern regions. Country Njakinjaki traditional territory embraced some of land. They were east of Lake Grace, at Newdega ...'' (''Nyaki Nyaki'') has been variously said to be a dialect of Noongar or of Kalaamaya. The term ''Nyungic'' has been used for the bulk of the Southwest Pama–Nyungan languages (see). However, that is a geographical group, not a demonstrable family. Bowern restricts both terms to Noongar plus Galaagu, which is poorly attested and had been misclass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ngayarda Languages The Ngayarda (''Ngayarta'' /ŋajaʈa/) languages are a group of closely related languages in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The languages classified as members of the Ngayarda languages group are (following Bowern & Koch 2004): * Martuthunira * Ngarluma-Kariyarra * Yindjibarndi– Kurrama * Panyjima * Jurruru * Nyamal * Yinhawangka * Ngarla Nhuwala Palyku Dench (1995) says that for Yinhawangka, Nhuwala and Ngarla there is insufficient data to enable them to be confidently classified, and he places them in Ngayarda for convenience. However, Bowern & Koch (2004) include them without proviso. Further, there are grounds for considering Yindjibarndi-Kurrama and Ngarluma-Kariyarra to be dialect pairs, though the indigenous perception is that they are separate languages. Palyku has sometimes been excluded; it is somewhat divergent. The name ''ngayarda'' comes from the word for "man" in many of the languages of the group. They form a branch of the Pama–Nyungan family. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Kartu Languages The Kartu languages are a group of Indigenous Australian languages spoken in the Murchison and Gascoyne regions of Western Australia Western Australia (WA) is the westernmost state of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Aust .... They are thought to be closely related and to form a low-level genealogical group. The languages usually considered to be members of the Kartu group are, from north to south: * Yinggarda * Malgana ? Nhanda (possibly also Nhanhagardi) Wajarri * Badimaya The inclusion of Nhanda is dubious. It was excluded in Bowern & Koch (2004),Bowern & Koch (2004) ''Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method'' but retained in Bowern (2011).Bowern, Claire. 2011. How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?' Thaagurda was apparently also a Kartu language. The name ''kartu'' comes f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Noongar Language Noongar (), also Nyungar (), is an Australian Aboriginal languages, Australian Aboriginal language or dialect continuum, spoken by some members of the Noongar community and others. It is taught actively in Australia, including at schools, universities and through public broadcasting. The Country (Indigenous Australians), country of the Noongar people is the southwest corner of Western Australia. Within that region, many Noongar words have been loanword, adopted into Australian English, particularly names of plants and animals. Noongar was first recorded in 1801 by Matthew Flinders, who made a number of word lists. Varieties It is generally agreed that there was no single, standard Noongar (or Nyungar) language before European settlement: it was a Linkage (linguistics), subgroup (or possibly a dialect continuum) of closely related languages, whose speakers were differentiated geographically and, in some cases, by cultural practices. The dialects merged into the modern Noonga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Mangarla Language Mangarla, also spelt Mangala, is a Pama–Nyungan language of Western Australia. It is spoken by the Mangarla people of the north-western area of the Great Sandy Desert The Great Sandy Desert is an interim Australian bioregion,IBRA Version 6.1 data , inland from the coast. Phoneme Inventory Mangala's phoneme inventory is typical of Australian languages, and is identical to the inventories of the other Marrngu languages. There are 17 consonant phonemes. /ɾ/ may also occasionally be heard as a trill Also typical of Australian languages, there are only three vowel phonemes. /i, u, a/ in unstressed syllables may be heard as �, ʊ, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Mirning Languages The Mirning or Mirniny languages are a pair of Pama–Nyungan languages of the Nullarbor Coast of Australia. Mirning language, Mirning (Mirniny) Ngatjumaya language, Ngadjumaya (Ngatjumaya) Galaagu language, Galaagu (Kalarko) and Kalaamaya language, Kalaamaya, once classified with Mirning as part of a Kalarko–Mirniny language, Kalarko-Mirniny family, are now considered closer to Nyungar language, Nyungar. References {{Australian Aboriginal languages Mirning languages, Southwest Pama–Nyungan languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Wati Languages The Wati languages are the dominant Pama–Nyungan languages of central Australia. They include the moribund Wanman language and the Western Desert dialect continuum A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of Variety (linguistics), language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are Mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulat ..., which is sometimes considered to be a dozen distinct languages. It is not clear whether Antakarinya is Warnman or Western Desert. Bowern (2011) adds Ngardi, which had previously been classified as Ngumpin–Yapa. Wati is generally included in Southwest Pama–Nyungan by those who accept that proposal. However, SW Pama–Nyungan may be an areal group, and is not included in Bowern (2011). See also * Wawula dialect References {{Australian Aboriginal languages Indigenous Australian languages in Western Australia Indigenous Australian languages in South ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Western Desert Language The Western Desert language, or Wati, is a dialect cluster of Australian Aboriginal languages in the Pama–Nyungan family. The name ''Wati'' tends to be used when considering the various varieties to be distinct languages, ''Western Desert'' when considering them dialects of a single language, or ''Wati'' as Warnman plus the Western Desert cluster. Location and list of communities The speakers of the various dialects of the Western Desert Language traditionally lived across much of the desert areas of Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. Most Western Desert people live in communities on or close to their traditional lands, although some now live in one of the towns fringing the desert area such as Kalgoorlie, Laverton, Alice Springs, Port Augusta, Meekatharra, Halls Creek and Fitzroy Crossing. The following is a partial list of Western Desert communities: * Kintore, Northern Territory * Docker River, Northern Territory * Ernabella, South Au ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]

Phoneme Inventory