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Sodium Phosphates
A sodium phosphate is a generic variety of salts of sodium () and phosphate (). Phosphate also forms families or condensed anions including di-, tri-, tetra-, and polyphosphates. Most of these salts are known in both anhydrous (water-free) and hydrated forms. The hydrates are more common than the anhydrous forms. Uses Sodium phosphates have many applications in food and for water treatment. For example, sodium phosphates are often used as emulsifiers (as in processed cheese), thickening agents, and leavening agents for baked goods. They are also used to control pH of processed foods. They are also used in medicine for constipation and to prepare the bowel for medical procedures. They are also used in detergents for softening water and as an efficient anti-rust solution. Adverse effects Sodium phosphates are popular in commerce in part because they are inexpensive and because they are nontoxic at normal levels of consumption. However, oral sodium phosphates when taken at hi ...
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Monosodium Phosphate
Monosodium phosphate (MSP), also known as monobasic sodium phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a sodium Salt (chemistry), salt of phosphoric acid. It consists of sodium cations () and dihydrogen phosphate anions (). One of many sodium phosphates, it is a common chemical industry, industrial chemical. The salt exists in an anhydrous form, as well as hydrate, monohydrate and dihydrate ( and respectively). Production and reactions The salt is obtained by partial neutralization of phosphoric acid. The pKa, p''K''a of monosodium phosphate is 6.8-7.2 (depending on the Physical chemistry, physicochemical characteristics during p''K''a determination). Heating this salt above 169 °C gives disodium pyrophosphate: : When heated at 550 °C, anhydrous trisodium trimetaphosphate is formed: : Uses Phosphates are often used in foods and in water treatment. The pH of such formulations is adjusted by mixtures of vari ...
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Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy () or coloscopy () is a medical procedure involving the Endoscopy, endoscopic examination of the large bowel (colon) and the distal portion of the small bowel. This examination is performed using either a Charge-coupled device, CCD camera or a fiber optic camera, which is mounted on a flexible tube and passed through the anus. The purpose of a colonoscopy is to provide a visual diagnosis via inspection of the internal lining of the colon wall, which may include identifying issues such as ulceration or Precancerous condition, precancerous polyps, and to enable the opportunity for biopsy or the removal of suspected colorectal cancer lesions. Colonoscopy is similar to sigmoidoscopy, but surveys the entire colon rather than only the sigmoid colon. A colonoscopy permits a comprehensive examination of the entire colon, which is typically around 1,200 to 1,500 millimeters in length. In contrast, a sigmoidoscopy allows for the examination of only the distal portion of the ...
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Sodium Hexametaphosphate
Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is a salt (chemistry), salt of composition . Sodium hexametaphosphate of commerce is typically a mixture of metaphosphates (empirical formula: NaPO3), of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name. Such a mixture is more correctly termed sodium polymetaphosphate. They are white solids that dissolve in water. Uses SHMP is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which it is used under the E number E452i. Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to SHMP to raise the pH to 8.0–8.6, which produces a number of SHMP products used for water softening and detergents. A significant use for sodium hexametaphosphate is as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles. It is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment. It is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-stai ...
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Glass
Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline solid, non-crystalline) solid. Because it is often transparency and translucency, transparent and chemically inert, glass has found widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in window panes, tableware, and optics. Some common objects made of glass are named after the material, e.g., a Tumbler (glass), "glass" for drinking, "glasses" for vision correction, and a "magnifying glass". Glass is most often formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of the Melting, molten form. Some glasses such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring, and obsidian has been used to make arrowheads and knives since the Stone Age. Archaeological evidence suggests glassmaking dates back to at least 3600 BC in Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Egypt, or Syria. The earliest known glass objects were beads, perhaps created accidentally during metalworking or the production of faience, which is a form of pottery using lead glazes. Due to its ease of formability int ...
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Condensation Reaction
In organic chemistry, a condensation reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water. If water is lost, the reaction is also known as a dehydration synthesis. However other molecules can also be lost, such as ammonia, ethanol, acetic acid and hydrogen sulfide. The addition of the two molecules typically proceeds in a step-wise fashion to the addition product, usually in equilibrium, and with loss of a water molecule (hence the name condensation). The reaction may otherwise involve the functional groups of the molecule, and is a versatile class of reactions that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of a catalyst. This class of reactions is a vital part of life as it is essential to the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids and to the biosynthesis of fatty acids. Many variations of condensation reactions exist. Common examples include ...
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Sodium Trimetaphosphate
Sodium trimetaphosphate (also STMP), with formula Na3P3O9, is one of the metaphosphates of sodium. It has the formula but the hexahydrate is also well known. It is the sodium salt of trimetaphosphoric acid. It is a colourless solid that finds specialised applications in food and construction industries: it is used as a phosphorylating agent for ascorbic acid to stabilize vitamin C mixtures against thermal decomposition; in the construction industry, sodium trimetaphosphate is used to prevent the shrinkage of gypsum plaster boards (US Pat. 03/0154888) and as a setting retarder for gypsum plaster. Although drawn with a particular resonance structure, the trianion has high symmetry. Synthesis and reactions Trisodium trimetaphosphate is produced industrially by heating sodium dihydrogen phosphate to 550 °C, a method first developed in 1955: : The trimetaphosphate dissolves in water and is precipitated by the addition of sodium chloride ( common ion effect), affording the hex ...
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Sodium Triphosphate
Sodium triphosphate (STP), also sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), or tripolyphosphate (TPP),
ttp://www.mst.dk/English/ Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Accessed 2008-07-15
) is an with formula Na5P3O10. It is the salt of the

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Tetrasodium Diphosphate
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate, also called sodium pyrophosphate, tetrasodium phosphate or TSPP, is an inorganic compound with the formula Na4P2O7. As a salt, it is a white, water-soluble solid. It is composed of pyrophosphate anion and sodium ions. Toxicity is approximately twice that of table salt when ingested orally.Handbook of food toxicology', S. S. Deshpande, page 260 Also known is the decahydrate Na4P2O710(H2O). D.L. Perry S.L. Phillips (1995) ''Handbook of inorganic compounds'' CRC Press Use Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is used as a buffering agent, an emulsifier, a dispersing agent, and a thickening agent, and is often used as a food additive. Common foods containing tetrasodium pyrophosphate include chicken nuggets, marshmallows, pudding, crab meat, imitation crab, canned tuna, and soy-based meat alternatives and cat foods and cat treats where it is used as a palatability enhancer. In toothpaste and dental floss, tetrasodium pyrophosphate acts as a tartar control agent, ...
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Disodium Diphosphate
Disodium pyrophosphate or sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It consists of sodium cations () and dihydrogen pyrophosphate anions (). It is a white, water-soluble solid that serves as a buffering and chelating agent, with many applications in the food industry. When crystallized from water, it forms a hexahydrate, but it dehydrates above room temperature. Pyrophosphate is a polyvalent anion with a high affinity for polyvalent cations, e.g. . Disodium pyrophosphate is produced by heating sodium dihydrogen phosphate: : Food uses Disodium pyrophosphate is a popular leavening agent found in baking powders. It combines with sodium bicarbonate to release carbon dioxide: : It is available in a variety of grades that affect the speed of its action. Because the resulting phosphate residue has an off-taste, SAPP is usually used in very sweet cakes which mask the off-taste. Disodium pyrophosphate and other sodium and potassium polypho ...
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Monosodium Diphosphate
Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin ) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table. Its only stable isotope is 23Na. The free metal does not occur in nature and must be prepared from compounds. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, sodalite, and halite (NaCl). Many salts of sodium are highly water-soluble: sodium ions have been leached by the action of water from the Earth's minerals over eons, and thus sodium and chlorine are the most common dissolved elements by weight in the oceans. Sodium was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1807 by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide. Among many other useful sodium compounds, sodium hydroxide (lye) is used in soap manufacture, and sodium chloride (edible salt) is a de-icing agent and a nutrient for animals including humans. So ...
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Pyrophosphate
In chemistry, pyrophosphates are phosphorus oxyanions that contain two phosphorus atoms in a linkage. A number of pyrophosphate salts exist, such as disodium pyrophosphate () and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (), among others. Often pyrophosphates are called diphosphates. The parent pyrophosphates are derived from partial or complete neutralization of pyrophosphoric acid. The pyrophosphate bond is also sometimes referred to as a phosphoanhydride bond, a naming convention which emphasizes the loss of water that occurs when two phosphates form a new bond, and which mirrors the nomenclature for Organic acid anhydride, anhydrides of carboxylic acids. Pyrophosphates are found in Adenosine triphosphate, ATP and other nucleotide triphosphates, which are important in biochemistry. The term pyrophosphate is also the name of esters formed by the condensation of a phosphorylated biological compound with inorganic phosphate, as for dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. This bond is also referred to as a ...
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