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Sodalis
''Sodalis'' is a genus of bacteria within the family Pectobacteriaceae. This genus contains several insect endosymbionts and also a free-living group. It is studied due to its potential use in the biological control of the tsetse fly. ''Sodalis'' is an important model for evolutionary biologists because of its nascent endosymbiosis with insects. Occurrence and ecological significance ''Sodalis'' was described in louse fly ('' Craterina melbae''), in stinkbug (Cantao ocellatus) in Louse (''Columbicola columbae'') and in other ectoparasites of water mammals (like ''Proechinophthirus fluctus, Louse)''. Species ''Candidatus Sodalis melophagi'' was described in sheep ked ('' Melophagus ovinus''). Another species ''Candidatus Sodalis pierantonius'' str. SOPE is known as endosymbiont of rice weevil (''Sitophilus oryzae'') and can supply rice weevil with essential vitamins like pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and biotin. A species of bacteria within this genera, ''Sodalis glossini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodalis Glossinidius
''Sodalis glossinidius'' is a species of bacteria, the type and only species of its genus. It is a microaerophilic secondary endosymbiont of the tsetse fly. Strain M1T is the type strain. ''Sodalis glossinidius'' is the only gammaproteobacterial insect symbiont to be cultured and thus amenable to genetic modification, suggesting that it could be used as part of a control strategy by vectoring antitrypanosome genes. The organism may increase the susceptibility of tsetse flies to trypanosomes. Despite gene erosion and pseudogene multiplication in a genome of ''Sodalis glossinidius'', these pseudogenes remain actively transcribed. Parasites ''S. glossinidius'' is itself host to a prophage A prophage is a bacteriophage (often shortened to "phage") genome that is integrated into the circular bacterial chromosome or exists as an extrachromosomal plasmid within the bacterial cell. Integration of prophages into the bacterial host is the ... discovered by Clark et al. 2007. Refere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paratransgenesis
Paratransgenesis is a technique that attempts to eliminate a pathogen from vector populations through transgenesis of a symbiont of the vector. The goal of this technique is to control vector-borne diseases. The first step is to identify proteins that prevent the vector species from transmitting the pathogen. The genes coding for these proteins are then introduced into the symbiont, so that they can be expressed in the vector. The final step in the strategy is to introduce these transgenic symbionts into vector populations in the wild. One use of this technique is to prevent mortality for humans from insect-borne diseases. Preventive methods and current controls against vector-borne diseases depend on insecticides, even though some mosquito breeds may be resistant to them. There are other ways to fully eliminate them. “Paratransgenesis focuses on utilizing genetically modified insect symbionts to express molecules within the vector that are deleterious to pathogens they trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsetse Fly
Tsetse ( , or ) (sometimes spelled tzetze; also known as tik-tik flies), are large, biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus ''Glossina'', which are placed in their own family, Glossinidae. The tsetse are obligate parasites, which live by feeding on the blood of vertebrate animals. Tsetse have been extensively studied, because of their role in transmitting disease. They have a prominent economic impact in sub-Saharan Africa, as the biological vectors of trypanosomes, causing human and animal trypanosomiasis. Tsetse are multivoltine and long-lived, typically producing about four broods per year, with up to 31 broods over their lifespans. Tsetse can be distinguished from other large flies by two easily-observed features: Primarily, tsetse fold their wings over their abdomens completely when they are resting (so that one wing rests directly on top of the other); Secondly, tsetse also have a long proboscis, extendin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crataerina Melbae
''Crataerina melbae'' is a species of biting fly in the family of louse flies Hippoboscidae. Its hosts are swift species including the Alpine, Pacific, Common and mottled swifts. ''Crataerina melbae'' was shown to contain symbiotic bacterium ''Sodalis ''Sodalis'' is a genus of bacteria within the family Pectobacteriaceae. This genus contains several insect endosymbionts and also a free-living group. It is studied due to its potential use in the biological control of the tsetse fly. ''Sodalis ....'' References External links Parasitic flies Parasites of birds Hippoboscidae Insects described in 1879 Taxa named by Camillo Rondani {{Parasite-insect-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melophagus Ovinus
''Melophagus ovinus'', or the sheep ked, is a brown, hairy fly that resembles a tick. This wingless fly is about 4 to 6 mm long and has a small head; it is a fly from the family Hippoboscidae. They are blood-feeding parasites of sheep. The sheep ked feeds on the blood of its host by inserting its sharp mouthparts into capillaries beneath the skin. The legs of the sheep ked are very strong and tipped with claws. Sheep keds live their whole lives in the wool of sheep. They are most commonly found on the neck, shoulders, and underbelly of the host animal. Although they are often referred to as the “sheep tick”, sheep keds spend their entire lifecycle on their hosts, which is distinguishable from the characteristics of a true tick. Additionally, sheep keds have six legs, whereas true ticks have eight legs. Distribution Native to most of Europe including Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, as well as North West Africa, Mongolia, and North India, it was introduced and es ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cantao Ocellatus
''Cantao ocellatus'' is a species of shield bug in the family Scutelleridae found across Asia. Reddish or ochre in overall colour it has dark legs and bluish black antennae. A dark bluish black stripe is present along the central line of the head. The pronotum sometimes has two black spots on the front margin and sometimes has eight spots. The scutellum has eight or six black spots of variable size but with yellowish borders. The lateral angle of the pronotum is elongated into a curved spine but this can be much reduced. A distinctive symbiotic bacterial genus Sodalis from phylum ''Gammaproteobacteria'' is found in its midgut. Maternal care of eggs and nymphs has been noted in this species. The female covers the eggs after they are laid but eggs on the edge that she cannot cover are often parasitized by wasps. They suck sap from a wide range of plants including ''Macaranga'', '' Kigelia'', '' Mallotus'', '' Bischofia javanica'' and ''Broussonetia papyrifera The paper mulberr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enterobacterales
Enterobacterales is an order of Gram-negative, non-spore forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria with the class Gammaproteobacteria. The type genus of this order is '' Enterobacter.'' The name Enterobacterales is derived from the Latin term ''Enterobacter'', referring the type genus of the order and the suffix "-ales", an ending used to denote an order. Together, Enterobacterales refers to an order whose nomenclatural type is the genus ''Enterobacter''. Historical Identification and Systematics Enterobacterales was proposed in 2005 under the name "Enterobacteriales". However, the name "Enterobacteriales" was not validated according to the rules of the '' International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes,'' thus it lacked standing in nomenclature, so the name was written in parentheses. "Enterobacteriales" was a monotypic order, containing only the family ''Enterobacteriaceae'', and shared its type genus ''Escherichia''.NCBEnterobacteralesaccessed 9 Mar 2013 The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pectobacteriaceae
The ''Pectobacteriaceae'' are a family of Gram-negative bacteria which largely consist of plant pathogens. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. The type species of this family is ''Pectobacterium''. The name ''Pectobacteriaceae'' is derived from the Latin term ''Pectobacterium'', referring the type genus of the family and the suffix "-aceae", an ending used to denote a family. Together, ''Pectobacteriaceae'' refers to a family whose nomenclatural type is the genus ''Pectobacterium''. Biochemical Characteristics and Molecular Signatures Members of the family produce acid from N-acetylglucosamine and are negative for arginine dihydrolase, orthinine decarboxylase and lysine decarboxylase. These bacteria are catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, and do not produce hydrogen disulfide. Genomic analyses identified four conserved signature indels (CSIs) that are specific this family in the proteins transc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
