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Sk (unit)
Skot (symbol: sk) is an old and deprecated measurement unit of luminance, used for self-luminous objects (''dark luminance''). The term comes from Greek , meaning "darkness". Overview The skot to measure the dark luminance () was introduced in 1940 by the (, LiTG) out of a necessity to describe the luminance of self-luminous objects, which differed so much from that of other objects that it was impractical to describe it using commonly used luminance values. Conversion factors for so called "scotopic stilb" () depend on the spectral distribution of the light and were therefore redefined in 1948 by the International Commission on Illumination (, IBK) for a specific color temperature of 2042 K or 2046 K, the temperature of solidification of platinum Platinum is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a density, dense, malleable, ductility, ductile, highly unreactive, precious metal, precious, silverish-white trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luminance
Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through, is emitted from, or is reflected from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The procedure for conversion from spectral radiance to luminance is standardized by the CIE and ISO. Brightness is the term for the ''subjective'' impression of the ''objective'' luminance measurement standard (see for the importance of this contrast). The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). A non-SI term for the same unit is the nit. The unit in the Centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS) (which predated the SI system) is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. Description Luminance is often used to characterize emission or reflection from flat, diffuse surfaces. Luminance levels indicate how much luminous power could be det ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internationale Beleuchtungskommission
The International Commission on Illumination (usually abbreviated CIE for its French name Commission internationale de l'éclairage) is the international authority on light, illumination, colour, and colour spaces. It was established in 1913 as a successor to the Commission Internationale de Photométrie, which was founded in 1900, and is today based in Vienna, Austria. Organization The CIE has six active divisions, each of which establishes technical committees to carry out its program: * Division 1: Vision and Colour * Division 2: Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation * Division 3: Interior Environment and Lighting Design * Division 4: Transportation and Exterior Applications * Division 6: Photobiology and Photochemistry * Division 8: Image Technology Two divisions are no longer active. * Division 5: Exterior Lighting and Other Applications * Division 7: General Aspects of Lighting The President of the CIE from 2023 is Jennifer Veitch from Canada. CIE publis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Verlag Chemie G
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Chemisches Zentralblatt
''Chemisches Zentralblatt'' is the first and oldest abstracts journal published in the field of chemistry. It covers the chemical literature from 1830 to 1969 and describes therefore the "birth" of chemistry as science, in contrast to alchemy. The information contained in this German journal is comparable with the content of the leading source of chemical information Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), which started publishing abstracts in English in 1907. ''Chemisches Zentralblatt'' was founded as ''Pharmaceutisches Centralblatt'' by Gustav Theodor FechnerM. Pflücke: ''Das Chemische Zentralblatt 125 Jahre alt'', Angewandte Chemie ''66'' (1954) 537-541, DOI: :10.1002/ange.19540661708. and published by Leopold Voß in LeipzigR. Willstätter: ''Zur Hundertjahrfeier des Chemischen Zentralblattes'', Angewandte Chemie ''42'' (1925) 1049-1052, DOI: :10.1002/ange.19290424502. in 1830. In the first year, 544 pages containing 400 abstracts were published, reporting all relevant research res ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philips Technical Review
Koninklijke Philips N.V. (), simply branded Philips, is a Dutch multinational health technology company that was founded in Eindhoven in 1891. Since 1997, its world headquarters have been situated in Amsterdam, though the Benelux headquarters is still in Eindhoven. The company gained its royal honorary title in 1998. Philips was founded by Gerard Philips and his father Frederik, with their first products being light bulbs. Through the 20th century, it grew into one of the world's largest electronics conglomerates, with global market dominance in products ranging from kitchen appliances and electric shavers to light bulbs, televisions, cassettes, and compact discs (both of which were invented by Philips). At one point, it played a dominant role in the entertainment industry (through PolyGram). However, intense competition from primarily East Asian competitors throughout the 1990s and 2000s led to a period of downsizing, including the divestment of its lighting and co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physica (journal)
''Physica'' is a Dutch series of peer-reviewed, scientific journals of physics by Elsevier. It started out in 1921 as a journal of the Nederlandse Natuurkundige Vereniging (Netherlands Physical Society) that published mostly in Dutch. In 1934 it was taken over by the North-Holland Publishing Company, keeping the same name but with a new volume numbering. The single journal ''Physica'' was split in a three-part series in 1975 (''Physica A'', ''Physica B'', ''Physica C''). ''Physica D'' was created in 1980, and ''Physica E'' in 1998. It was published in Utrecht until 2007, and is now published in Amsterdam by Elsevier. ''Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications'' ''Physica A'' was created in 1975 as a result of the splitting of ''Physica'' in 1975. It is concerned with statistical mechanics and its applications, particularly random systems, fluids and soft condensed matter, dynamical processes, theoretical biology, econophysics, complex systems, and network theory. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Optical Society Of America
Optica, founded as the Optical Society of America (later the Optical Society), is a professional society of individuals and companies with an interest in optics and photonics. It publishes journals, organizes conferences and exhibitions, and carries out charitable activities. History Optica was founded in 1916 as the Optical Society of America, under the leadership of Perley G. Nutting, with 30 optical scientists and instrument makers based in Rochester, New York. It soon published its first journal of research results and established an annual meeting. The group's ''Journal of the Optical Society of America'' was created in 1918. The first series of joint meetings with the American Physical Society took place in 1918. In 2008, it changed its name to the Optical Society. In September 2021, the organization's name changed to Optica, in reference to the organization's journal by the same name and geographic neutrality to reflect the society's global membership. In 2024, follow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of The Optical Society Of America
The ''Journal of the Optical Society of America'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of optics, published by Optica. It was established in 1917 and in 1984 was split into two parts, A and B. ''Journal of the Optical Society of America A'' Part A covers various topics in optics, vision, and image science. The editor-in-chief is Olga Korotkova (University of Miami, USA). ''Journal of the Optical Society of America B'' Part B covers various topics in the field of optical physics, such as guided waves, laser spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, quantum optics, laser A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The word ''laser'' originated as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radi ...s, organic and polymer materials for optics, and ultrafast phenomena. The editor-in-chief is Kurt Busch ( Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany). References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Illuminance
In photometry (optics), photometry, illuminance is the total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area. It is a measure of how much the incident light illuminates the surface, wavelength-weighted by the luminosity function to correlate with human brightness perception.International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): ''International Electrotechnical Vocabulary.'ref. 845-21-060, illuminance/ref> Similarly, luminous emittance is the luminous flux per unit area emitted from a surface. Luminous emittance is also known as luminous exitance. In SI derived units, SI units illuminance is measured in lux (lx), or equivalently in lumen (unit), lumens per square metre (Lumen (unit), lm·meter, m−2). Luminous exitance is measured in lm·m−2 only, not lux. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): ''International Electrotechnical Vocabulary.'ref. 845-21-081, luminous exitance/ref> In the CGS system, the unit of illuminance is the phot, which is equal to . The foot-candle is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rod Cell
Rod cells are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in lower light better than the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells. Rods are usually found concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision. On average, there are approximately 92 million rod cells (vs ~4.6 million cones) in the human retina. Rod cells are more sensitive than cone cells and are almost entirely responsible for night vision. However, rods have little role in color vision, which is the main reason why colors are much less apparent in dim light. Structure Rods are a little longer and leaner than cones but have the same basic structure. Opsin-containing disks lie at the end of the cell adjacent to the retinal pigment epithelium, which in turn is attached to the inside of the eye. The stacked-disc structure of the detector portion of the cell allows for very high efficiency. Rods are much more common than cones, with about 120 million rod cells ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BSB BG Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft
The Bibliotheca Teubneriana, or ''Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana'', also known as Teubner editions of Greek and Latin texts, comprise one of the most thorough modern collections published of ancient (and some medieval) Greco-Roman literature. The series consists of critical editions by leading scholars. They now always come with a full critical apparatus on each page, although during the nineteenth century there were ''editiones minores'', published either without critical apparatuses or with abbreviated textual appendices, and ''editiones maiores'', published with a full apparatus. Teubneriana is an abbreviation used to denote mainly a single volume of the series (fully: ''editio Teubneriana''), rarely the whole collection; correspondingly, ''Oxoniensis'' is used with reference to the ''Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis'', mentioned above as ''Oxford Classical Texts''. The only comparable publishing ventures producing authoritative schola ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing. Originally founded in 1842 in Berlin, it expanded internationally in the 1960s, and through mergers in the 1990s and a sale to venture capitalists it fused with Wolters Kluwer and eventually became part of Springer Nature in 2015. Springer has major offices in Berlin, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, and New York City. History Julius Springer founded Springer-Verlag in Berlin in 1842 and his son Ferdinand Springer grew it from a small firm of 4 employees into Germany's then second-largest academic publisher with 65 staff in 1872.Chronology ". Springer Science+Business Media. In 1964, Springer expanded its business internationally, op ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
