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Sippar-Amnanum
Sippar-Amnanum (also Sippar-Annunitum, Sippar-rabum, Sippar-durum, and Sippar-Anunit ), modern Tell ed-Der (also Teil ed-Der) in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq, was an ancient Near Eastern city about 70 kilometers north of Babylon, 6 kilometers northeast of Sippar and about 26 kilometers southwest of modern Baghdad. Occupation dates back to the days of the Akkadian Empire and later the Ur III period but most of the development was during the Old Babylonian period. Early archaeologists referred to the site as "Der" or Dair". In the late 1800s archaeologists proposed that this was the location of the city of Akkad, later disproved. History Sippar-Amnanum was the sister city (or suburb in some eyes) of Sippar. Though occupied from the Akkadian Period, little is known of its history before the Old Babylonian period. Soundings have shown that occupation extends to 4 meters below the surface with the current water table at 2 meters making excavation of earlier occupation difficult. The ol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annunitum
Annunitum (; also romanized as Anunītu) was a Mesopotamian goddess associated with warfare. She was initially an epithet of Ishtar of Akkad exemplifying her warlike aspect, but by the late third millennium BCE she came to function as a distinct deity. She was the tutelary goddess of the cities of Akkad and Sippar-Amnanum, though she was also worshiped elsewhere in Mesopotamia. Name As attested in cuneiform texts from the Old Akkadian period onward, Annunitum's name was typically written as ''an-nu-ni-tum''. Starting with the Old Babylonian period it was prefaced with the "divine determinative" ('' dingir''). While ''an-nu-ni-tum'' remained the most common spelling in the Kassite period as well, in sources from the first millennium BCE ''a-nu-ni-tum'', already known from a single Old Babylonian text and from a late Kassite inscription of king Meli-Shipak, became standard. An Old Babylonian prayer (CBS 19842) additionally preserves the shortened form ''a-nu-na'', romanized b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sippar
Sippar (Sumerian language, Sumerian: , Zimbir) (also Sippir or Sippara) was an ancient Near Eastern Sumerian and later Babylonian city on the east bank of the Euphrates river. Its ''Tell (archaeology), tell'' is located at the site of modern Tell Abu Habbah near Yusufiyah in Iraq's Baghdad Governorate, some north of Babylon and southwest of Baghdad. The city's ancient name, Sippar, could also refer to its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum (located at the modern site of Tell ed-Der); a more specific designation for the city here referred to as Sippar was Sippar-Yaḫrurum (Sippar-Jaḫrurum). The name comes from the Amorite Yaḫrurum tribe that lived in the area along with the Amorite Amnanum tribe. In Sippar was the site where the Babylonian Map of the World was found. History While pottery finds indicate that the site of Sippar was in use as early as the Uruk period, substantial occupation occurred only in the Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia), Early Dynastic and Akkadian Empire pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shagarakti-Shuriash
Šagarakti-Šuriaš, written phonetically ''ša-ga-ra-ak-ti-šur-ia-aš'' or d''ša-garak-ti-šu-ri-ia-aš'' in cuneiform or in a variety of other forms, ''Šuriaš'' (a Kassite sun god corresponding to Babylonian Šamaš) ''gives me life'', (1245–1233 BC short chronology) was the twenty seventh king of the Third or Kassite dynasty of Babylon. The earliest extant economic text is dated to the 5th day of Nisan in his accession year, corresponding to his predecessor’s year 9, suggesting the succession occurred very early in the year as this month was the first in the Babylonian calendar. He ruled for thirteen years and was succeeded by his son, Kaštiliašu IV.''Babylonian King List A'', BM 33332, a broken and badly worn tablet in the British Museum, provides his name in abbreviated form, ''Šá-ga-rak- i-', and the length of his reign. Biography The ''Babylonian King List A'' names Kudur-Enlil as his father but there are no confirmatory contemporary inscriptions and the rei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shamash
Shamash (Akkadian language, Akkadian: ''šamaš''), also known as Utu (Sumerian language, Sumerian: dutu "Sun") was the List of Mesopotamian deities, ancient Mesopotamian Solar deity, sun god. He was believed to see everything that happened in the world every day, and was therefore responsible for justice and protection of travelers. As a divine judge, he could be associated with the Ancient Mesopotamian underworld, underworld. Additionally, he could serve as the god of divination, typically alongside the weather god Adad. While he was universally regarded as one of the primary gods, he was particularly venerated in Sippar and Larsa. The Moon God, moon god Nanna (Sumerian deity), Nanna (Sin) and his wife Ningal were regarded as his parents, while his twin sister was Inanna (Ishtar). Occasionally other goddesses, such as Manzat (goddess), Manzat and Pinikir, could be regarded as his sisters too. The dawn goddess Aya (goddess), Aya (Sherida) was his wife, and multiple texts describe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cities Of The Ancient Near East
The earliest cities in history were in the ancient Near East, an area covering roughly that of the modern Middle East: its history began in the 4th millennium BC and ended, depending on the interpretation of the term, either with the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BC or with that by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. The largest cities of the Bronze Age Near East housed several tens of thousands of people. Memphis in the Early Bronze Age, with some 30,000 inhabitants, was the largest city of the time by far. Ebla is estimated to have had a population of 40,000 inhabitants in the Intermediate Bronze age. Ur in the Middle Bronze Age is estimated to have had some 65,000 inhabitants; Babylon in the Late Bronze Age similarly had a population of some 50,000–60,000. Niniveh had some 20,000–30,000, reaching 100,000 only in the Iron Age (around 700 BC). In Akkadian and Hittite orthography, URU became a determinative sign denoting a city, or combine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akkad (city)
Akkad (; also spelt Accad, Akkade, a-ka₃-de₂ki or Agade, Akkadian: , also URI KI in Sumerian during the Ur III period) was the capital of the Akkadian Empire, which was the dominant political force in Mesopotamia during a period of about 150 years in the last third of the 3rd millennium BC. Its location is unknown. In the early days of research various unidentified mounds were considered as the location of Akkad. In modern times most of the attention has focused on an area roughly defined by 1) near Eshnunna, 2) near Sippar, 3) not far from Kish and Babylon, 4) near the Tigris River, and 5) not far from the Diyala River – all within roughly 30 kilometers of modern Baghdad in central Iraq. There are also location proposals as far afield as the Mosul area in northern Iraq. The main goddess of Akkad was Ishtar-Annunitum or ''‘Aštar-annunîtum'' (Warlike Ishtar), though it may have been a different aspect, Istar- Ulmašītum. Her husband Ilaba was also revered. Is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baghdad
Baghdad ( or ; , ) is the capital and List of largest cities of Iraq, largest city of Iraq, located along the Tigris in the central part of the country. With a population exceeding 7 million, it ranks among the List of largest cities in the Arab world, most populous cities in the Middle East and Arab world and forms 22% of the Demographics of Iraq, country's population. Spanning an area of approximately , Baghdad is the capital of its Baghdad Governorate, governorate and serves as Iraq's political, economic, and cultural hub. Founded in 762 AD by Al-Mansur, Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and became its most notable development project. The city evolved into a cultural and intellectual center of the Muslim world. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the House of Wisdom, as well as a multi-ethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". For much of the Abbasid era, duri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taha Baqir
Taha Baqir ( ') (born 1912 in Babylon, Ottoman Iraq – 28 February 1984) was an Iraqi Assyriologist, author, cuneiformist, linguist, historian, and former curator of the National Museum of Iraq. Baqir is considered one of Iraq's most eminent archaeologists. Among the works he is remembered for are his Akkadian to Arabic translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh, his decipherment of Babylonian mathematical tablets, his Akkadian law code discoveries, and his excavations of ancient Babylonian and Sumerian sites; including the ancient Sumerian city of Shaduppum in Baghdad.Taha Baqir, Tell Harmal, The Republic of Iraq Directorate of Antiquities, 1959. Baqir was proficient in the four historical Iraqi languages (Arabic, Aramaic, Akkadian, Sumerian), as well as English, French and German. Career Baqir taught ancient history and civilization (1941–1960) and Iraqi languages ( Sumerian and Akkadian; 1951–1963) at the University of Baghdad in the Education and Archaeology facu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammisaduqa
Ammi-Saduqa (or Ammisaduqa, Ammizaduga) was a king of the First Dynasty of Babylon, dating to around c. 1646–1626 BC (Middle Chronology) or c. 1638–1618 BC (Low Middle Chronology). Reign Some twenty-one year-names survive for his reign, including the first seventeen. The names indicate that these years were fairly peaceful ones for the kingdom of Ammi-Saduqa, who was primarily engaged in enriching and enlarging the temples, and a few other building projects, such as building a wall at the mouth of the Euphrates in his eleventh regnal year. See also * Kings of Babylon * Venus tablets of Ammisaduqa The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa (''Enuma Anu Enlil'' Tablet 63) is the record of astronomical positions for Venus, as preserved in numerous cuneiform clay tablet, tablets dating from the first millennium BC. Scholars believe that this astronomical ... References 17th-century BC kings of Babylon First dynasty of Babylon {{Iraq-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julius Jordan
Julius Johann Heinrich Jordan (27 October 1877 – 7 February 1945) was a German archaeologist active in Mesopotamia before and after the First World War. In the 1930s he was the Director of the Baghdad Antiquities Museum. Early life Born in Cassel in 1877, Jordan was educated at the Wilhelm-Gymnasium there, then in the spring of 1896 was admitted to the structural engineering department of the TU Dresden to study architecture. In Dresden he became a member of a group known as the Erato singers.Paul Meißner, ed., ''Alt-Herren-Verzeichnis der DS-W.-S. 1933/34'' (Leipzig, 1934), p. 246 His most important teacher was Cornelius Gurlitt, and Jordan also found a life-changing friendship with an older student, Walter Andrae. After graduating from this course around 1902, Jordan worked as a government construction manager in Chemnitz.Heinrich J. Lenzen, "Jordan, Julius", in ''Neue Deutsche Biographie'' Vol. 10 (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1974, ), pp. 601–602 Career In 1904, with t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Walter Andrae
Walter Andrae (February 18, 1875 – July 28, 1956) was a German archaeologist and architect born near Leipzig. Career Archaeologist Andrae initially studied architecture at the Dresden University of Technology, where he befriended a younger student, Julius Jordan, with a life-changing effect on him.Heinrich J. Lenzen, "Jordan, Julius", in '' Neue Deutsche Biographie'' Vol. 10 (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1974, ), pp. 601–602 In 1898, Andrae participated in an archaeological dig at Babylon under the leadership of Robert Koldewey (1855–1925). He played an influential role in the smuggling of the Ishtar Gate out of the country. From 1903 to 1914, he directed the excavation of the ancient Assyrian capital of Assur. During this time period, he also performed archaeological excavations at Hatra and Shuruppak. Another significant archaeological site that he was involved in was the Hittite city of Sam'al. Museum curator and director In 1921 Andrae became curator of the '' Vo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British Museum
The British Museum is a Museum, public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present.Among the national museums in London, sculpture and decorative art, decorative and applied art are in the Victoria and Albert Museum; the British Museum houses earlier art, non-Western art, prints and drawings. The National Gallery holds the national collection of Western European art to about 1900, while art of the 20th century on is at Tate Modern. Tate Britain holds British Art from 1500 onwards. Books, manuscripts and many works on paper are in the British Library. There are significant overlaps between the coverage of the various collections. Established in 1753, the British Museum was the first public national museum. In 2023, the museum received 5,820,860 visitors, 42% more than the previous y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
