|
Sijjin 4
''Sijjīn '' ( lit. Netherworld, Underworld, Chthonian World) is in Islamic belief either a prison, vehement torment or straitened circumstances at the bottom of ''Jahannam'' or hell, below the earth (compare Greek Tartarus), or, according to a different interpretation, a register for the damned or record of the wicked, which is mentioned in Quran . ''Sijjin'' is also considered to be a place for the souls of unbelievers until resurrection. The idea that there is a hell underneath Earth's surface roots in the Quran, which speaks about "seven earths" (), while describing hell as a subterranean pit, divided into seven compartments. Thus, many Muslim authors coincided hell with layers of the Earth with ''sijjin'' at the bottom. For the lowest layer of hell, the term ''al-asfal'' is used too. The antithesis of ''Sijjin'' is ''Illiyin''. Etymology The word as an adjective means "vehement" or "intense" and is derived from the root S-J-N () related to gaoling or imprisonment. The Ara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamic
Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world's Major religious groups, second-largest religious population after Christians. Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a Fitra, primordial faith that was revealed many times through earlier Prophets and messengers in Islam, prophets and messengers, including Adam in Islam, Adam, Noah in Islam, Noah, Abraham in Islam, Abraham, Moses in Islam, Moses, and Jesus in Islam, Jesus. Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of God in Islam, God and the unaltered, final revelation. Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous Islamic holy books, revelations, such as the Torah in Islam, Tawrat (the Torah), the Zabur (Psalms), and the Gospel in Islam, Injil (Gospel). They believe that Muhammad in Islam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akhira
al-Ākhirah (, derived from ''Akhir'' which means last, ultimate, end or close) is an Arabic term for "the Hereafter". In Islamic eschatology, on Judgment Day, the natural or temporal world (''dunya'') will come to an end, the dead will be resurrected from their graves, and God will pronounce judgment on their deeds, consigning them for eternity to either the bliss of ''jannah'' (heaven) or the torment of ''jahannam'' (hell). The belief that death is not the end of existence, but a transferral from the temporal world to the everlasting world, (''al-Ākhirah''), is a belief Islam shares with other Abrahamic religions such as Judaism and Christianity. ''Al-Ākhirah'' is referenced dozens of times in the Quran in numerous surahs where among other things, believers are told it makes "the enjoyment of this worldly life" (''dunya'') appear "insignificant" (Q.9:38). In connection with the Last Judgment, it is traditionally considered to be one of the six essential beliefs of Muslims ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Ghazali
Al-Ghazali ( – 19 December 1111), archaically Latinized as Algazelus, was a Shafi'i Sunni Muslim scholar and polymath. He is known as one of the most prominent and influential jurisconsults, legal theoreticians, muftis, philosophers, theologians, logicians and mystics in Islamic history. He is considered to be the 11th century's '' mujaddid'',William Montgomery Watt, ''Al-Ghazali: The Muslim Intellectual'', p. 180. Edinburgh University Press, 1963. a renewer of the faith, who, according to the prophetic hadith, appears once every 100 years to restore the faith of the Islamic community.Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566 Al-Ghazali's works were so highly acclaimed by his contemporaries that he was awarded the honorific title "Proof of Islam" ('' Ḥujjat al-Islām''). Al-Ghazali was a prominent mujtahid in the Shafi'i school of law. Much of Al-Ghazali's work stemmed around his spiritual crises following his appointment as the head of the Nizamiyya University in Baghdad - which was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Arabi
Ibn Arabi (July 1165–November 1240) was an Andalusian Sunni Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam and the largest religious denomination in the world. It holds that Muhammad did not appoint any successor and that his closest companion Abu Bakr () rightfully succeeded him as the caliph of the Mu ... scholar, Sufism, Sufi Mysticism, mystic, poet, and Philosophy, philosopher who was extremely influential within Islamic thought. Out of the 850 works attributed to him, some 700 are authentic, while over 400 are still extant. His Cosmology, cosmological teachings became the dominant worldview in many parts of the Muslim world. His traditional title was ''Mohyeddin, Muḥyiddīn'' (; ''The Reviver of Religion''). After his death, practitioners of Sufism began referring to him by the honorific title ''Shaykh al-Akbar'', () from which the name Akbarism is derived. Ibn ʿArabī is considered a Sufi saint, saint by some scholars and Muslim communities.Al-Suyuti, Tanbih al- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Futuhat Al-Makkiyya
''The Meccan Revelations'' () is the major work of the philosopher and Sufi Ibn Arabi, written between 1203 and 1240. The Andalusi thinker exposes his spiritual journey, his theology, his metaphysics and his mysticism, using sometimes prose, sometimes poetry. The book contains autobiographical elements: encounters, events, and spiritual illuminations. History Ibn Arabi wrote two versions of ''al-Futūḥāt al-Makkīyah'', his magnum opus. He completed the first in the year 629 of the Hijra and worked on the second version between the years 632 and 636 of the Hijra. The second version, called the Konya Manuscript (), exists in manuscripts in Ibn Arabi's own hand, with the exception of volume nine. These manuscripts, once part of the ''waqf'' of Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, are known as the "Konya" manuscripts and they are now kept in Istanbul (Evkaf Muzesi 1845-1881). It was first published by the Bulaq Press in four volumes in Dhū al-Ḥijja 1269/1853. The Bulaq Press publi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annemarie Schimmel
Annemarie Schimmel SI HI TCLN (7 April 1922 – 26 January 2003) was an influential German Orientalist and scholar who wrote extensively on Islam, especially Sufism. She was a professor at Harvard University from 1967 to 1992. Early life and education Schimmel was born to Protestant and highly cultured middle-class parents in Erfurt, Germany. Her father Paul was a postal worker and her mother Anna belonged to a family with connections to seafaring and international trade.Annemarie Schimmel, ''. The Charles Homer Haskins Lecture, 1993. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1993. Autobiographical reflections and reminiscences of a lifetime of work as a scholar. Schimmel remembered her father as "a wonderful playmate, full of fun," and she recalled that her mother made her feel that she was the child of her dreams. She also remembered her childhood home as being full of poetry and literature, though her family was not an academic one. Having finished high school at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahl Al-Bayt
() refers to the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In Sunni Islam, the term has also been extended to all descendants of the Banu Hashim (Muhammad's clan) and even to all Muslims. In Shia Islam, the term is limited to Muhammad, his daughter Fatima, his cousin and son-in-law Ali, and their two sons, Ḥasan and Ḥusayn. A common Sunni view adds the wives of Muhammad to these five. While all Muslims revere the Ahl al-Bayt, Shia Muslims assert that members of the Ahl al-Bayt are spiritual successors to Muhammad, possessing divine knowledge and infallibility. The Twelver Shiʿa also believe in the redemptive power of the pain and martyrdom endured by the members of the Ahl al-Bayt, particularly Husayn. Sunni Muslims, who do not believe in spiritual succession to Muhammad, only hold the Ahl al-Bayt in high regard. Definition When () appears in construction with a person, it refers to his blood relatives. However, the word also acquires wider meanings with other nou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shia
Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib () as both his political successor (caliph) and as the spiritual leader of the Muslim community (imam). However, his right is understood to have been usurped by a number of Muhammad's companions at the meeting of Saqifa where they appointed Abu Bakr () as caliph instead. As such, Sunni Muslims believe Abu Bakr, Umar (), Uthman () and Ali to be ' rightly-guided caliphs' whereas Shia Muslims only regard Ali as the legitimate successor. Shia Muslims assert imamate continued through Ali's sons Hasan and Husayn, after whom different Shia branches have their own imams. They revere the , the family of Muhammad, maintaining that they possess divine knowledge. Shia holy sites include the shrine of Ali in Najaf, the shrine of Husayn in Karbala and other mausoleums of the . Later events such as Husayn's martyrdom in the Battle of Karbala (680 CE) further influenced the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Hafs Umar Al-Nasafi
Najm ad-Dīn Abū Ḥafṣ 'Umar ibn Muḥammad an-Nasafī (; 1067–1142) was a Muslim jurist, theologian, mufassir, muhaddith and historian. A Persian scholar born in present-day Uzbekistan, he wrote mostly in Arabic. Works He authored around 100 books in Hanafi jurisprudence, theology, Quran exegesis, Hadith and history. Theology * '' Al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya'' () or Aqa'id al-Nasafi'' () is his most celebrated work in Kalam, which alongside ''Al-Fiqh Al-Akbar'' () of Abu Hanifa and ''Al-'Aqeedah al-Tahawiyya'' () of Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi is one of the three seminal works in Sunni Islamic creed. By the 17th-century, more than fifty commentaries were written on this work, of which the most famous is al-Taftazani's commentary named ''Sharh 'Aqaid al-Nasafi'' (). :Abu Hafs an-Nasafi wrote the ''Al-'Aqaid'' as a direct summary of ''Al-Tamhid le Qawa'id al-Tawhid'' (), the famous book by his own teacher Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi. :While a few Arabic sources are sceptical abo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Ishaq Al-Tha'labi
Abū Isḥāḳ Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Nīsābūrī al-Thaʿlabī ; died November 1035), who was simply known as Al-Tha'labi (), was an eleventh-century Sunni Muslim scholar of Persian origin. Al-Tha'labi was considered a leading Quranic exegete of the fifth/eleventh century who famously authored the classical exegesis '' Tafsir al-Tha'labi'', and his ''Ara'is al-Majalis'' is perhaps the best and most frequently consulted example of the Islamic qisas al-anbiya genre. He was an expert Quranic reciter and reader ('' muqriʾ''), traditionist, linguist, philologist, preacher, historian, litterateur, and theologian. Name The word al-Tha'labi, most biographers stress, was a nickname laqab), and not a tribal name (nasab). This means that al-Tha'labi was of Persian descent and not a member of the Arab tribal groups that carries the name. Life According to Tilman Nagel, al-Tha'labi was born in the city of Nishapur during the fifties of the fourth century (350). A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iblis
Iblis (), alternatively known as Eblīs, also known as Shaitan, is the leader of the Shayatin, devils () in Islam. According to the Quran, Iblis was thrown out of Jannah#Jinn, angels, and devils, heaven after refusing to prostrate himself before Adam in Islam, Adam. He is often compared to the Christianity, Christian Satan, since both figures were cast out of heaven according to their respective religious narratives. In his role as the master of cosmic illusion in Sufi cosmology, he functions in ways similar to the Buddhism, Buddhist concept of Mara (demon), Mara. Iblis embodies the cosmic veil supposedly separating the immanent aspect of God in Islam, God's love from the transcendent aspect of Divine retribution, God's wrath. He entangles the unworthy in the material web hiding the underlying all-pervading spiritual reality. Kalam, Islamic theology (''kalām'') regards Iblis as an example of attributes and actions which God punishes with hell (''Nār''). Regarding the origin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
