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Siege Of Plevna
The siege of Plevna or Pleven, was a major battle of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, fought by the joint army of the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Romania against the Ottoman Empire. After the Russian army crossed the Danube at Svishtov, it began advancing towards the centre of modern Bulgaria, with the aim of crossing the Balkan Mountains to Constantinople, avoiding the fortified Turkish fortresses on the Black Sea coast. The Ottoman army led by Osman Pasha, returning from Serbia after a conflict with that country, was massed in the fortified city of Pleven, a city surrounded by numerous redoubts, located at an important road intersection. After two unsuccessful assaults, in which he lost valuable troops, the commander of the Russian troops on the Balkan front, Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia insisted by telegram on the help of his Romanian ally King Carol I. King Carol I crossed the Danube with the Romanian Army and was placed in command of the Russian-Roman ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grivitsa
Grivitsa (, ; also transliterated as ''Grivitza'' or ''Grivica'') is a village in Pleven Municipality, Pleven Province, central northern Bulgaria. It is primarily known as the site of one of the key engagements in the Siege of Plevna during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Geography Located 9 kilometres east of Pleven at an average 208 metres above sea level and lying in the hilly basin of the Vit River, Grivitsa has a population of 1,778 as of December 2009. The railway line connecting Sofia to Varna and Rousse runs through the village, as well as the main road from Pleven to Rousse, Nikopol and Pordim. The highest point of the Central Danubian Plain, the 304-metre-high ''Sredni vrah'' (, "Middle Peak") is just to the east of the village. The soil is rich in clay but suitable for agriculture. The area is also rich in limestone and quarries for its extraction have been built in several places. History The village's location has shifted several times, with the earli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikhail Skobelev
Mikhail Dmitriyevich Skobelev (; 29 September 1843 – 7 July 1882), a Russian general, became famous for his conquest of Central Asia and for his heroism during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Dressed in a white uniform and mounted on a white horse, and always in the thickest of the fray, he was known and adored by his soldiers as the "White General" (and by the Turks as the "White Pasha"). During a campaign in Khiva, his Turkmen opponents called him ''goz ganly'' or "Bloody Eyes". British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery assessed Skobelev as the world's "ablest single commander" between 1870 and 1914 and wrote of his "skilful and inspiring" leadership. Francis Vinton Greene also rated Skobelev highly. Early life and conquest of Khiva Skobelev was born in Saint Petersburg on 29 September 1843, at the Petropavlovskaya prison, where his grandfather was the prison chief. His mother was Russian philanthropist Olga Skobeleva, and his father was Russian general Dmitr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Danube
The Danube ( ; see also #Names and etymology, other names) is the List of rivers of Europe#Longest rivers, second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia. It flows through Central and Southeastern Europe, from the Black Forest south into the Black Sea. A large and historically important river, it was once a frontier of the Roman Empire. In the 21st century, it connects ten European countries, running through their territories or marking a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , passing through or bordering Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine. Among the many List of cities and towns on the river Danube, cities on the river are four national capitals: Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest, and Belgrade. Its drainage basin amounts to and extends into nine more countries. The Danube's longest headstream, the Breg (river), Breg, rises in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, while the river carries its name from its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Romania
The Kingdom of Romania () was a constitutional monarchy that existed from with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King of Romania, King Carol I of Romania, Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian royal family), until 1947 with the abdication of King Michael I of Romania, Michael I and the Romanian parliament's proclamation of the Socialist Republic of Romania, Romanian People's Republic. From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two Principality, principalities: (Moldavia and Wallachia) called the Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia also known as "The Little Union" under a single prince to an autonomous principality with a House of Hohenzollern, Hohenzollern monarchy. The country gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War (known locally as the Romanian War of Independence), after which it was forced to cede the southern part of Bessarabia in exchange for Northern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)
The Russo-Turkish wars ( ), or the Russo-Ottoman wars (), began in 1568 and continued intermittently until 1918. They consisted of twelve conflicts in total, making them one of the longest series of wars in the history of Europe. All but four of these wars ended in losses for the Ottoman Empire, which was undergoing a period of stagnation and decline. Conversely, they showcased the ascendancy of the Russian Empire as a significant European power after Peter the Great oversaw extensive modernization efforts in the early 18th century. Ultimately, however, the end of the Russo-Turkish wars came about with the dissolution of the two belligerents' respective states as a consequence of World War I: the Russian Empire collapsed in 1917 and was ultimately succeeded by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922; while the Ottoman Empire was partitioned between 1918 and 1922 and succeeded by the Republic of Turkey in 1923. History Initial and intermediate phases (1568–1739) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siege Of Pleven Map
A siege () . is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or by well-prepared assault. Siege warfare (also called siegecrafts or poliorcetics) is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterized by one party holding a strong, static, defensive position. Consequently, an opportunity for negotiation between combatants is common, as proximity and fluctuating advantage can encourage diplomacy. A siege occurs when an attacker encounters a city or fortress that cannot be easily taken by a quick assault, and which refuses to surrender. Sieges involve surrounding the target to block provision of supplies and reinforcement or escape of troops (a tactic known as "investment"). This is typically coupled with attempts to reduce the fortifications by means of siege engines, artillery bombardment, mining (also known as sapping), or the use of deception or treachery to bypass defenses. Failing a military outcome, sieges can often be deci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdullah Pashë Dreni
Abdullah Pashë Dreni (1820–1878) was a 19th-century Albanian tribal leader and military of the Ottoman Army. Life Abdullah Pashë Dreni was born in 1820 in Gjakova. He served in the Ottoman Empire military, where he notably fought in the Siege of Plevna, a major battle of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), after which he received the title of pasha. Mehmed Ali Pasha, Marshal, Chief of Staff of the Ottoman Empire was residing in Dreni's house, when both of them, as well as Dreni's son, were killed under an armed attack of Albanian rebels, which is known as Gjakova's attack in Albanian's historiography. He is mentioned in Gjergj Fishta's Lahuta e Malcís, a national epic poem In poetry, an epic is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants. With regard to ..., where Dreni is described as forced to defend his un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sefë Kosharja
Sefë Mahmut Kosharja, also known as Sefë Qorri, was an Albanian resistance fighter and leader during the Albanian National Awakening, serving as a prominent member of the League of Prizren. Early life and Ottoman Army Born Sefë Mahmuti sometime around 1825 in the village of Koshare near Ferizaj, Kosharja was recruited into the ranks of the Ottoman army at around 1855, serving for a total of 5 years. As a result of his military merits during his service, he was assigned to a unit of military reserves. He then served another 2 years in Istanbul. Around 1867, he returned to his homeland, married and began a family. Together with other Albanians that were called to serve in Istanbul for Osman Pasha in 1876, he was stationed in Bulgaria, specifically Plevne, the site of a fierce battle. He led a group of men granted to him by Osman Pasha. During the intense fighting against the Russians, Bulgarians, Moldovans, and Romanians at the battle of Plevna, Sefë was injured and lost one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edhem Pasha
Edhem Pasha (; 1844–1909) was an Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turkish people, Turkish field marshal and leading figure in the propagation of the Ottoman military doctrine. Life and career Edhem was born to a Muslim Turkish people, Turkish family in Trabzon which was then part of the Ottoman Empire. He was the deputy of Osman Nuri Pasha during the Siege of Plevna in 1877. He was the leading commander of the Ottoman army that defeated the Greek army on the Thessaly, Thessalian front during the Greco-Turkish War (1897), which would end in a decisive Ottoman victory. Edhem Pasha was especially successful in the Battle of Domokos on the front. He captured Larissa and Trikala, but other European states intervened in favor of Greece because of the danger that the Ottomans again could once again capture the rest of the Morea. As a result, the Greco-Ottoman War resulted in a strategic stalemate despite the Ottoman military victory on the field. Edhem Pasha died in Constantinople (mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osman Nuri Pasha
Osman Nuri Pasha (; 1832, Tokat, Ottoman Empire – 4 to 5 April 1900, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire), also known as Gazi Osman Pasha (), was an Ottoman Turkish field marshal. Being one of the most respected and decorated Ottoman pashas of all time, many songs have been written for him, and many places named after him. This is mainly because he held the Bulgarian town of Plevna for five months against superior Russo-Romanian forces in 1877 during the Russo-Turkish War, though the city eventually fell. Early life and education Osman Nuri was born into the prominent Muslim Turkish Yağcıoğulları family in the city of Tokat. His father was a civil worker who, soon after Osman's birth, was appointed to a position in the Ottoman capital, so the family moved to Constantinople (now Istanbul). Osman attended the Kuleli Military High School and then graduated from the Ottoman Military College in 1852 as a lieutenant, entering the Cavalry Arm at the beginning of the Cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mihail Cerchez
Mihail Cerchez Cristodulo (8 June 1839 – 12 July 1885) was a Romanian general who fought at the Siege of Plevna and the battles of and Vidin during the Romanian War of Independence. Biography Descended from an old ArmenianStoica Lascu /Dobrudjan contributions to the development of contemporary armenology family, he was born in Bârlad and studied at the Academia Mihăileană in Iași. He volunteered into the army as a cadet in 1855, and rose rapidly through the ranks: sergeant in 1856, second lieutenant in 1857, lieutenant in 1858, captain in 1860, and major in 1863. Promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1867 and colonel in 1870, Cerchez served in the Romanian Army during the Romanian War of Independence (1877–1878). At the start of the war, he was commander of the 2nd and 1st Infantry Divisions of the Danube defense, which protected the rear of the armed forces fighting on the front, in Bulgaria. Later, as head of the Reserve Division, he was instrumental in surrounding the O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Jure
In law and government, ''de jure'' (; ; ) describes practices that are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. The phrase is often used in contrast with '' de facto'' ('from fact'), which describes situations that exist in reality, even if not formally recognized. Definition ''De jure'' is a Latin expression composed of the words ''de'',("from, of") and ''jure'',("law", adjectival form of '' jus''). Thus, it is descriptive of a structural argument or position derived "from law". Usage Jurisprudence and ''de jure'' law In U.S. law, particularly after '' Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954), the difference between ''de facto'' segregation (that existed because of voluntary associations and neighborhoods) and ''de jure'' segregation (that existed because of local laws) became important distinctions for court-mandated remedial purposes. Government and culture Between 1805 and 1914, the ruling dynasty of Egypt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
