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Shamshi-Adad I
Shamshi-Adad (; Amorite: ''Shamshi-Addu''), ruled 1813–1776 BC, was an Amorite warlord and conqueror who had conquered lands across much of Syria, Anatolia, and Upper Mesopotamia.Some of the Mari letters addressed to Shamsi-Adad by his son can be found in the Mari Letters section of His capital was originally at Ekallatum and later moved to Šubat-Enlil. Rise Shamshi-Adad I inherited the throne in Ekallatum from Ila-kabkabu (fl. c. 1836 BC – c. 1833 BC). Ila-kabkabu is mentioned as the father of Shamshi-Adad I in the "Assyrian King List" (AKL); a similar name (not necessarily the same figure) is listed in the preceding section of the AKL among the “kings whose fathers are known”. However, Shamshi-Adad I did not inherit the Assyrian throne from his father but was instead a conqueror. Ila-kabkabu had been an Amorite king not of Assur (Aššur) (in Assyria) but of Ekallatum. According to the '' Mari Eponyms Chronicle'', Ila-kabkabu seized Shuprum (c. 1790 BC), then ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
King Of The Universe
King of the Universe is a royal title that claims complete cosmological domination. As a historical title, King of the Universe was used intermittently by powerful monarchs in ancient Mesopotamia as a title of great prestige. Equivalent titles were sometimes later used in the Greco-Roman world as honorifics for powerful rulers. The title was also applied to various deities in ancient Mesopotamian, Greek, and Roman literature. As a religious title and honorific, King of the Universe has seen continued use as a title of God and certain other figures in the Abrahamic tradition. The etymology of the Mesopotamian title, ''šar kiššatim'', derives from the ancient Sumerian city of Kish. In ancient Sumer, Kish was seen as having primacy over other Mesopotamian cities and was in Sumerian legend the location where the kingship was lowered to from heaven after the legendary flood. The first ruler to use the title was Sargon of Akkad ( 2334–2279 BC). The title continued to be used in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upper Mesopotamia
Upper Mesopotamia constitutes the Upland and lowland, uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in the northern Middle East. Since the early Muslim conquests of the mid-7th century, the region has been known by the traditional Arabic name of ''al-Jazira'' ( "the island", also transliterated ''Djazirah'', ''Djezirah'', ''Jazirah'') and the Syriac language, Syriac variant ''Gāzartā'' or ''Gozarto'' (). The Euphrates and Tigris rivers transform Mesopotamia into almost an island, as they are joined together at the Shatt al-Arab in the Basra Governorate of Iraq, and their sources in eastern Turkey are in close proximity. The region extends south from the mountains of Anatolia, east from the hills on the left bank of the Euphrates river, west from the mountains on the right bank of the Tigris river and includes the Sinjar plain. It extends down the Tigris to Samarra and down the Euphrates to Hit, Iraq. The Khabur (Euphrates), Khab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aminu (Assyrian King)
Aminu () was according to the ''Assyrian King List'' (AKL) the 26th Assyrian monarch, ruling in Assyria's early period. Aminu is listed within a section of the AKL as the last of the, "''kings whose fathers are known''." This section (which in contrast to the rest of the list) had been written in reverse order—beginning with ''Aminu'' and ending with '' Apiashal'' “''altogether ten kings who are ancestors''”—and has often been interpreted as the list of ancestors of the Amorite '' Šamši-Adad I'' (''fl.'' ''c.'' 1809 BCE) who had conquered the city-state of '' Aššur''. This interpretation thus disputes that Aminu ever ruled Assur or Assyria. The AKL also states that ''Aminu'' had been both the son and successor of '' Ila-kabkabu''. Additionally, the AKL states that ''Aminu'' had been both the predecessor and father of '' Sulili''. The name "Aminu" is known from a seal of a servant, but this may not be a reference to the otherwise unattested Assyrian ruler, but instead to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Babylonian Dynasty
The Old Babylonian Empire, or First Babylonian Empire, is dated to , and comes after the end of Sumerian power with the destruction of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the subsequent Isin-Larsa period. The Chronology of the Ancient Near East, chronology of the first dynasty of Babylonia is debated; there is a Babylonian King List A and also a Babylonian King List B, with generally longer regnal lengths. In this chronology, the regnal years of List A are used due to their wide usage. Hardship of searching for origins of the First Dynasty The origins of the First Babylonian dynasty are hard to pinpoint because Babylon itself yields few archaeological materials intact due to a high water table. The evidence that survived throughout the years includes written records such as royal and votive inscriptions, literary texts, and lists of year-names. The minimal amount of evidence in economic and legal documents makes it difficult to illustrate the economic and social history of the First Ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Early Period Of Assyria
The Early Assyrian period was the earliest stage of Assyrian history, preceding the Old Assyrian period and covering the history of the city of Assur, and its people and culture, prior to the foundation of Assyria as an independent city-state under Puzur-Ashur I 2025 BC. Very little material and textual evidence survives from this period. The earliest archaeological evidence at Assur dates to the Early Dynastic Period, 2600 BC, but the city may have been founded even earlier since the area had been inhabited for thousands of years prior and other nearby cities, such as Nineveh, are significantly older. The archaeological evidence suggests that Assur was originally inhabited by Hurrians and was the site of a fertility cult devoted to the goddess Ishtar. The name "Assur" is not historically attested prior to the age of the Akkadian Empire in the 24th century BC; it is possible that the city was originally named Baltil, used in later times to refer to its oldest portion. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Assyrian Kings
The king of Assyria (Akkadian language, Akkadian: , later ) was the ruler of the ancient Mesopotamian kingdom of Assyria, which was founded in the late 21st century BC and fell in the late 7th century BC. For much of its early history, Assyria was little more than a city-state, centered on the city Assur, but from the 14th century BC onwards, Assyria rose under a series of warrior kings to become one of the major political powers of the Ancient Near East, and in its last few centuries it dominated the region as the largest empire the world had seen thus far. Ancient Assyrian history is typically divided into the Old Assyrian Empire, Old, Middle Assyrian Empire, Middle and Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Assyrian periods, all marked by ages of ascendancy and decline. The ancient Assyrians did not believe that their king was divine himself, but saw their ruler as the vicar of their principal deity, Ashur (god), Ashur, and as his chief representative on Earth. In their worldview, Assyria rep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apiashal
Apiashal () was according to the ''Assyrian King List'' (AKL) the 17th Assyrian monarch, ruling in Assyria's early period. He has been listed within the section of the ''AKL'' as the last of whom, "''altogether seventeen kings, tent dwellers''." This section shows marked similarities to the ancestors of the ''First Babylonian dynasty''. The ''AKL'' also states that ''Apiashal'' had been preceded by his father '' Ushpia''. Additionally, the ''AKL'' states that ''Apiashal'' had been succeeded by his son '' Hale''. ''Apiashal'' is also listed within a section of the ''AKL'' as the first out of the ten, "''kings whose fathers are known''.” This section (which in contrast to the rest of the list) had been written in reverse order—beginning with Aminu and ending with Apiashal, "''altogether ten kings who are ancestors''"—has often been interpreted as the list of ancestors of the Amorite '' Šamši-Adad I'' (''fl.'' ''c.'' 1808 BCE – ''c.'' 1776 BCE) who had conquered the city ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erishum II
Erishum I or Erišum II, the son and successor of Naram-Sin, was the king of the city-state Assur from 1828/1818 BC to 1809 BC. Like his predecessors, he bore the titles “Išši’ak Aššur” (Steward of Assur) and “ ensí”. The length of Erishum II's reign is uncertain, however; based on various excavated "limmu" (eponym) lists, Naram-Sin's and Erishum II's reigns had a combined length of 64 years. Reign and Shamshi adad The Amorites had in the centuries prior overrun the kingdoms of Lower Mesopotamia and the Levant between, but had hitherto been repelled by the Assyrian kings. However, Erishum II was to be the last king of the dynasty of Puzur-Ashur I (founded c. 2025 BC) as he was deposed and the throne of Assyria was usurped by Shamshi-Adad I during the expansion of the Amorite tribes from the Khabur River delta in the north-eastern Levant. Although regarded as an Amorite by later Assyrian tradition, Shamshi-Adad I's descent is suggested to be from the same line as t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Babylonia
Babylonia (; , ) was an Ancient history, ancient Akkadian language, Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Kuwait, Syria and Iran). It emerged as an Akkadian-populated but Amorites, Amorite-ruled state . During the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was retrospectively called "the country of Akkad" ( in Akkadian), a deliberate archaism in reference to the previous glory of the Akkadian Empire. It was often involved in rivalry with the older ethno-linguistically related state of Assyria in the north of Mesopotamia and Elam to the east in Ancient Iran. Babylonia briefly became the major power in the region after Hammurabi (floruit, fl. –1752 BC middle chronology, or –1654 BC, short chronology timeline, short chronology) created a short-lived empire, succeeding the earlier Akkadian Empire, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Old Assyrian Empire. The Babylonian Empire rapidly fell apar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naram-Sin Of Eshnunna
Naram-Sin was the King of Eshnunna for at least nine years during the later 19th century BCE, during its brief time of political power. Early life He is known to be the son of Ipiq-Adad II, king of Eshnunna. Reign He succeeded his father on the throne and reigned around 1810-1801 BCE. Some 11 year-names have survived. Shamshi-Adad He was contemporary of Shamshi-Adad I, the future king of the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia. Shamshi-Adad was apparently ousted from his city by Naram-Sin which led to a brief exile in Babylon. Military campaigns He continued the expansion of Eshnunna begun by his father, Ipiq-Adad II. He raided the Khabur triangle up to Ašnakkum. An inscription praying for the king's peace was found in Kythira. References See also *Naram-Sin of Akkad *Naram-Sin of Assyria Naram-Sin, or Narām-Sîn or –Suen, inscribed in cuneiform on contemporary seal impressions as d''na-ra-am-''dEN.ZU, had been the "waklum" (ugula, Overseer) or "'' Išši’ak Aššur''" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Babylon
Babylon ( ) was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about south of modern-day Baghdad. Babylon functioned as the main cultural and political centre of the Akkadian-speaking region of Babylonia. Its rulers established two important empires in antiquity, the 19th–16th century BC Old Babylonian Empire, and the 7th–6th century BC Neo-Babylonian Empire. Babylon was also used as a regional capital of other empires, such as the Achaemenid Empire. Babylon was one of the most important urban centres of the ancient Near East, until its decline during the Hellenistic period. Nearby ancient sites are Kish, Borsippa, Dilbat, and Kutha. The earliest known mention of Babylon as a small town appears on a clay tablet from the reign of Shar-Kali-Sharri (2217–2193 BC), of the Akkadian Empire. Babylon was merely a religious and cultural centre at this point and neither an independent state nor a large city, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mari Eponym Chronicle
Mari Eponym Chronicles(MEC) are the oldest assyrian eponym chronicles compiled at Mari in the 18th century BC, covering the years before and during the reign of Shamshi-Adad I.The chronicles are important sources for the chronology of the Ancient Near East, which list at least one notable event per year under the name of a ruling official.The chronicles are extant in eleven fragments excavated at the Royal Palace of Mari and was first edited by M. Birot in 1985. Michel (2002) proposed the identification of a solar eclipse mentioned in the Mari Eponym Chronicle (in the year eponymous of Puzur-Ishtar) as occurring on 24 June 1833 BC.C. Michel, "Nouvelles données pour la chronologie du IIe millénaire", ''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'', 2002, issue 1, note 20, pages 17-18 According to Werner Nahm (2014), this would date the beginning of the reign of Hammurabi to 1784 BC (close to the date of 1792 BC according to the Middle Chronology). See also *Chronology of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
