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Shaft (civil Engineering)
file:access shaft - geograph.org.uk - 6506414.jpg, A shaft equipped with ladder rungs for personnel access In civil engineering a shaft is an underground vertical or inclined passageway. Shafts are often entered through a manhole and closed by a manhole cover. They are constructed for a number of reasons including: * For the construction of a tunnel * For Ventilation (mining), ventilation of a tunnel or Subterranea (geography), underground structure, aka ventilation shaft * As a drop shaft for a sewerage or water tunnel * For access to a tunnel or underground structure, also as an escape route Construction There are a number of methods for the construction of shafts, the most significant being: * The use of sheet piles, Slurry wall, diaphragm walls or bored piles to construct a square or rectangular braced shaft * The use of segmental lining installed by underpinning or caisson (engineering), caisson sunk to form a circular shaft * Incremental excavation with a shotcret ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Access Shaft - Geograph
Access may refer to: Companies and organizations * ACCESS (Australia), an Australian youth network * Access (credit card), a former credit card in the United Kingdom * Access Co., a Japanese software company * Access International Advisors, a hedge fund * AirCraft Casualty Emotional Support Services * Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services * Access, the Alphabet division containing Google Fiber * Access, the Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority's paratransit service Sailing * Access 2.3, a sailing keelboat * Access 303, a sailing keelboat * Access Liberty, a sailing keelboat Television * ''Access Hollywood'', formerly ''Access'', an American entertainment newsmagazine * Access (British TV programme), ''Access'' (British TV programme), a British entertainment television programme * Access (Canadian TV series), ''Access'' (Canadian TV series), a Canadian television series (1974–1982) * Access TV, a former Canadian educational television channel (1973–2011) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manhole
A manhole (utility hole, maintenance hole, or sewer hole) is an opening to a confined space such as a shaft (civil engineering), shaft, utility vault, or large container, vessel. Manholes, typically protected by a manhole cover, are often used as an access point for an underground public utility, allowing inspection, maintenance, and system upgrades. The majority of underground services have manholes, including Water industry, water, sanitary sewer, sewers, telephone, electricity, storm drains, district heating, and natural gas, gas. Manholes are generally found in urban areas, in streets and occasionally under sidewalks. In rural and undeveloped areas, services such as telephone and electricity are usually carried on utility poles or even Electricity pylon, pylons rather than underground. In Australia, ''manhole'' also commonly refers to an access hatch used to get access from a room or hallway into the ceiling cavity of a building. These manholes are typically around square ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manhole Cover
A manhole cover is a removable plate forming the lid over the opening of a manhole, an opening large enough for a person to pass through that is used as an access point for an underground vault or pipe. It is designed to prevent anyone or anything from falling in, and to keep out unauthorized persons and material. Manhole covers date back at least to the era of ancient Rome, which had sewer grates made from stone. Description Manhole covers are often made out of cast iron, concrete or a combination of the two. This makes them inexpensive, strong, and heavy, usually weighing more than . The weight helps to keep them in place when traffic passes over them, and makes it difficult for unauthorized people without suitable tools to remove them. Manhole covers may also be made from glass-reinforced plastic or other composite material (especially in Europe, or where cover theft is of concern). Because of law restricting acceptable manual handling weights, Europe has seen a move towar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ventilation (mining)
Underground mine ventilation provides a flow of air to the underground mining, underground workers of a mine with sufficient volume to dilute and remove dust and Poison, noxious gases (typically NOx, NOx, Sulfur dioxide, SO2, methane, Carbon dioxide, CO2 and Carbon Monoxide, CO) and to regulate temperature. The source of these gases are equipment that runs on diesel engines, blasting with explosives, and the orebody itself. Regulations often require airflow to be distributed within mines to improve air quality. The largest component of the operating cost for mine ventilation is electricity to power the ventilation fans, which may account for one third of a typical underground mine's entire electrical power cost. Types of ventilation Flow-through ventilation is the main ventilation circuit for the mine. Air enters the mine from the surface via a shaft mining, shaft, raise (mining), ventilation raise or adit. The air is distributed through the mine via internal ventilation raises ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subterranea (geography)
Subterranea are ''underground structures'', both natural (such as caves) and human-made (such as Mining, mines). Some subterranea and related topics include: Natural * Caves ** Cenote ** Ice cave ** Sea cave ** Sinkhole * Karst * Lava tube ** Lunar lava tube, Lunar and Martian lava tubes * Subterranean river * Subterranean waterfall * Underground lake * Volcanic pipe Human-made or human-related by common function The following is a list of examples of structures which are or can be underground. * Civil defense ** Air raid shelter ** Blast shelter ** Fallout shelter ** Storm cellar * Cultural heritage ** Catacombs ** Dungeon ** Erdstall ** Fogou ** Hypogeum ** Passage grave ** Rock-cut architecture *** Rock-cut tomb * Disposal of human corpses, Disposal of corpses or religion: ** Burial vault (tomb), Burial vault ** Crypt * Underground living, Living ** Basement ** Cave dweller, Cave dwelling ** Dugout (shelter), Dugout ** Earth shelter ** Underground city * Maintenance ** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ventilation Shaft
In subterranean civil engineering, ventilation shafts, also known as airshafts or vent shafts, are vertical passages used in mines and tunnels to move fresh air underground, and to remove stale air. In architecture, an airshaft, also known as a lightwell, is typically a small, vertical space within a tall building which permits ventilation of the building's interior spaces to the outside. The floor plan of a building with an airshaft is often described as a "square donut" shape. Alternatively, an airshaft may be formed between two adjacent buildings. Windows on the interior side of the donut allow air from the building to be exhausted into the shaft, and, depending on the height and width of the shaft, may also allow extra sunlight inside. See also * Ventilation (architecture) * Stack effect * Underground mine ventilation * Courtyard * Lightwell * Skylight A skylight (sometimes called a rooflight) is a light-permitting structure or window, usually made of transpare ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slurry Wall
A slurry wall is a civil engineering technique used to build reinforced concrete walls in areas of soft earth close to open water, or with a high groundwater table. This technique is typically used to build diaphragm (water-blocking) walls surrounding tunnels and open cuts, and to lay foundation (engineering), foundations. Slurry walls are used at Superfund sites to contain the waste or contamination and reduce potential future migration of waste constituents, often with other waste treatment methods. Slurry walls are a "well-established" technology but the decision to use slurry walls for a certain project requires geophysical and other engineering studies to develop a plan appropriate for the needs of that specific location. Slurry walls may need to be used in conjunction with other methods to meet project objectives. Construction While a trench is being excavated to create a form for a wall, it is simultaneously filled with slurry (usually a mixture of bentonite and water). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Underpinning
In construction or renovation, underpinning is the process of strengthening the foundation of an existing building or other structure. Underpinning may be necessary for a variety of reasons: * The original foundation isn't strong or stable enough. * The usage of the structure has changed. * The properties of the soil supporting the foundation may have changed (possibly through subsidence) or were mischaracterized during design. * The construction of nearby structures necessitates the excavation of soil supporting existing foundations. * To increase the depth or load capacity of existing foundations to support the addition of another storey to the building (above or below grade). * It is more economical, due to land price or otherwise, to work on the present structure's foundation than to build a new one. * Earthquake, flood, drought or other natural causes have caused the structure to move, requiring stabilisation of foundation soils and/or footings. Underpinning may be accomp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caisson (engineering)
In geotechnical engineering, a caisson (; borrowed , , an augmentative of ) is a watertight retaining structure. It is used, for example, to work on the foundation (architecture), foundations of a bridge pier (architecture), pier, for the construction of a concrete dam, or for the repair of ships. Caissons are constructed in such a way that the water can be pumped out, keeping the work environment dry. When piers are being built using an open caisson, and it is not practical to reach suitable soil, Deep foundation, friction pilings may be driven to form a suitable sub-foundation. These piles are connected by a foundation pad upon which the column pier is erected. Caisson engineering has been used since at least the 19th century, with three prominent examples being the Royal Albert Bridge (completed in 1859), the Eads Bridge (completed in 1874), and the Brooklyn Bridge (completed in 1883). Types To install a caisson in place, it is brought down through soft mud until a suitable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is a regulation and licensure in engineering, professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage systems, pipelines, structural element, structural components of buildings, and railways. Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is considered the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. Civil engineering can take place in the public sector from municipal public works departments through to federal government agencies, and in the private sector from locally based firms to Fortune Global 500, ''Fortune'' Global 500 companies. History Civil engineering as a discipline Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles for solv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
