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Serviciul Român De Informaţii
The Romanian Intelligence Service (, abbreviated SRI) is Romania's main domestic intelligence service. Its role is to gather information relevant to national security and hand it over to relevant institutions, such as Romanian Government, presidency and law enforcement departments and agencies. The service is gathering intelligence by ways such as signals intelligence (SIGINT), open-source intelligence (OSINT) and human intelligence (HUMINT). It operates predominately within Romanian territory but also outside national borders in collaboration with other states specifically to target cross-border threats. History Previous intelligence services in Romania In 1865, the Romanian General Staff (inspired by the French system) created the 2nd Section (''Secția a II-a'') to gather and analyze military intelligence. This marked a growing interest in centralising intelligence efforts spurring the creation of the General Safety Bureau in 1892 within the Ministry of the Interior with r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Securitate
The Department of State Security (), commonly known as the Securitate (, ), was the secret police agency of the Socialist Republic of Romania. It was founded on 30 August 1948 from the '' Siguranța'' with help and direction from the Soviet MGB. The Securitate was, in proportion to Romania's population, one of the largest secret police forces in the Eastern bloc. The first budget of the Securitate in 1948 stipulated a number of 4,641 positions, of which 3,549 were filled by February 1949: 64% were workers, 4% peasants, 28% clerks, 2% persons of unspecified origin, and 2% intellectuals. By 1951, the Securitate's staff had increased fivefold, while in January 1956, the Securitate had 25,468 employees.Cristian Troncota"Securitatea: Începuturile", Magazin Istoric, 1998 At its height, the Securitate employed some 15,000 agents and almost half a million informants for a country with a population of 23 million by 1989. The Securitate under Nicolae Ceaușescu was one of the most br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mihail Moruzov
Mihail Moruzov (8 November 1887 – 26 November 1940) was the founder and first head of Romania's modern domestic espionage agency, the Secret Intelligence Service (SSI), forerunner of today's SRI. Biography Early life Moruzov was born in Zebil, Tulcea County, to Nicolae and Maria Moruzov; he had four brothers and two sisters. The family was of Russian origin, Lipovans or possibly the descendants of Zaporozhian Cossacks. His grandfather Simion was a priest, as was his father, who served at the Russian church in Tulcea for forty years.Eșan, p.121 He was married twice: his first wife's family name was Văraru, and the couple had a daughter, Aurora-Florina; after they divorced, he married Teodora Săndulescu, a professor from Silistra whom he also divorced. His education was limited, which delayed his permanent appointment as intelligence chief (the position demanded university studies): he was initially paid a daily wage as a temporary employee. In addition to Russian, which he l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethnic Clashes Of Târgu Mureș
The ethnic clashes of Târgu Mureș (also called ''Black March'', ) refer to incidents between the Hungarians and Romanians in Târgu Mureș and surrounding settlements in Transylvania, Romania in March 1990. The clashes were the bloodiest inter-ethnic incidents of the post-communist era in Transylvania. Târgu Mureș () is a Romanian town with an ethnically mixed population that was almost equally distributed between Romanians and Hungarians after the fall of the communist regime in December 1989. It has been a cultural and political center for the Hungarian minority in Transylvania. In March 1990, clashes occurred there between the two ethnic groups in the town, involving ethnic Romanians from neighbouring villages. The clashes left 5 people dead and 300 injured. The riots were broadcast nationally on Romanian television and were covered by media around the world. The exact cause is still widely disputed. The roles of the media and the Romanian government are also questioned. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gelu Voican Voiculescu
Gelu Voican-Voiculescu (born February 8, 1941, in Bucharest, Romania) is a Romanian politician and former dissident who served as deputy prime minister in the provisional government of Romania (1989–1990). He was also a senator of Buzău in the 1990-1992 legislature, elected on the lists of the National Salvation Front, as well as ambassador to Tunisia and Morocco. Life in Communist Romania Gelu Voican-Voiculescu is a member of the Sturdza family and a descendant of Michel Sturdza, foreign minister in the national-legionary government. He graduated from the I.L. Caragiale High School from Bucharest in 1957 and enrolled at the Petroleum Research Institute of the Faculty of Geology, from which he was expelled in 1959 being considered "a reactionary". His expulsion took place in the context created by the wave of repression against youth, which followed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He was incriminated for wearing a cross around his neck and making non-figurative, moderni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iulian Vlad
Iulian Vlad (; 21 February 1931 – 30 September 2017) was a Romanian government official and last director of the Securitate secret police force from 1987 to 1989. He was the Securitate's director during the Romanian revolution Early life Iulian Vlad was born on 21 February 1931 in Gogoșița in the Kingdom of Romania. His parents were Nicolae and Eugenia Vlad. Vlad joined the Romanian Communist Party in 1946 at the age of 15. He attended the University of Bucharest and later graduated from the Serbian Marxist-Leninist University. Security career Vlad became an employee for the Securitate, the secret police force of Socialist Republic of Romania, in 1951. During Nicolae Ceaușescu's rule, Vlad became a military education specialist in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1977, Vlad became the director of counterintelligence. In 1983, Vlad served as the deputy minister of internal affairs. On 22 November 1984, Vlad became a member of the Great National Assembly represe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monitorul Oficial
''Monitorul Oficial al României'' is the official government gazette, gazette of Romania, in which all the promulgation, promulgated bills, President of Romania, presidential decrees, Government of Romania, governmental ordinances and other major legal acts are published. External links * The Official Gazette of Romania – Tradition and Present Status Legislatia Romaniei si U.E.Official Gazette listing 2005 - 2007Collection of editions from 1875 to 1949 {{Authority control Government of Romania Newspapers published in Romania Government gazettes Publications established in 1832 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of National Defence (Romania)
The Ministry of National Defence () is one of the eighteen ministries of the Government of Romania. The current acting Minister of National Defence is Angel Tîlvăr. Ministry The Ministry of National Defence is the specialized body of the central public administration submitted to the Government conducting the national defence activity according to the stipulations of law and to the strategy of national security, with a view to safeguarding national sovereignty, state independence and unity, territorial integrity and constitutional democracy. The Ministry of National Defence is responsible to the Parliament of Romania, Parliament, the Supreme Council of National Defence (Romania), Supreme Council of National Defence and the Government of Romania, Government for implementation of provisions of the Constitution of Romania, Constitution, laws in force, decisions of the Supreme Council of National Defence (Romania), Supreme Council of National Defence and of the Government of R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ion Iliescu
Ion Iliescu (; born 3 March 1930) is a Romanian politician and engineer who served as the second president of Romania from 1989 until 1996 and from 2000 until 2004. Between 1996 and 2000 and also from 2004 to 2008, the year in which he retired, Iliescu was a Senate of Romania, senator for the Social Democratic Party (Romania), Social Democratic Party (PSD), of which he is the founder and honorary president to this day. Iliescu joined the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) in 1953 and became a member of its Central Committee in 1965. Beginning with 1971, he was gradually marginalised by Nicolae Ceaușescu. He had a leading role in the Romanian Revolution, becoming the country's president in December 1989. In May 1990, he became Romania's first freely elected head of state. After a new constitution was approved by popular referendum, he served a further two terms, firstly from 1992 to 1996 and then secondly from 2000 to 2004, separated by the presidency of Emil Constantinescu, who def ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian Revolution
The Romanian revolution () was a period of violent Civil disorder, civil unrest in Socialist Republic of Romania, Romania during December 1989 as a part of the revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries around the world, primarily within the Eastern Bloc. The Romanian revolution started in the city of Timișoara and soon spread throughout the country, ultimately culminating in the Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu, drumhead trial and execution of longtime Romanian Communist Party (PCR) General Secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena Ceaușescu, Elena, and the end of 42 years of Communist state, Communist rule in Romania. It was also the last removal of a Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist government in a Warsaw Pact country during the events of 1989, and the only one that violently overthrew a country's leadership and executed its leader; according to estimates, over one thousand people died and thousands more were injured. Following W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dissent In Romania Under Nicolae Ceaușescu
Dissent in Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu describes the voicing of disagreements with the government policies of Communist Romania during the totalitarian rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu after the July Theses in 1971. Because of Ceaușescu's extensive secret police (the Securitate) and harsh punishments, open dissent was rare. Notable acts of dissent include Paul Goma's 1977 letters to Ceaușescu, the founding of SLOMR (an independent workers' union) in 1979 and a number of work conflicts, such as the Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977 and the Braşov Rebellion of 1987. Dissent from within the Romanian Communist Party came for the first time from Constantin Pîrvulescu, a veteran party member who, in 1979, during the 12th Party Congress, accused Ceaușescu of putting personal interests in front of those of the party. Pîrvulescu was excluded from the party, but, in 1989, together with other five party veterans signed the Letter of the Six, an open letter which was a left-wing critiq ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Police
300px, East_German.html" ;"title="Vladimir Putin's secret police identity card, issued by the East German">Vladimir Putin's secret police identity card, issued by the East German Stasi while he was working as a Soviet KGB liaison officer from 1985 to 1989. Both organizations used similar forms of repression. Secret police (or political police) are police, Intelligence agency, intelligence, or Security agency, security agencies that engage in covert operations against a government's political, ideological, or social opponents and dissidents. Secret police organizations are characteristic of authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. They protect the political power of a dictator or regime and often operate outside the law to repress dissidents and weaken political opposition, frequently using violence. They may enjoy legal sanction to hold and charge suspects without ever identifying their organization. History Africa Egypt Egypt is home to Africa and the Middle East's firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialist Republic Of Romania
The Socialist Republic of Romania (, RSR) was a Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist One-party state, one-party socialist state that existed officially in Romania from 1947 to 1989 (see Revolutions of 1989). From 1947 to 1965, the state was known as the Romanian People's Republic (, RPR). The country was an Eastern Bloc state and a member of the Warsaw Pact with a dominant role for the Romanian Communist Party enshrined in :Template:RomanianConstitutions, its constitutions. Geographically, RSR was bordered by the Black Sea to the east, the Soviet Union (via the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian and Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldavian SSRs) to the north and east, Hungarian People's Republic, Hungary and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia (via Socialist Republic of Serbia, SR Serbia) to the west, and People's Republic of Bulgaria, Bulgaria to the south. As World War II ended, Kingdom of Romania, Romania, a former Axis powers, Axis membe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
