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Senate (Egypt)
The Senate is the upper house of the bicameralism, bicameral Parliament of Egypt since its introduction in the 2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum and the subsequent 2020 Egyptian Senate election. The current president of the Senate is Abdel-Wahab Abdel-Razeq. Background The Shura Council (, , "consultative council") was the upper house of the formerly bicameralism, bicameral Parliament of Egypt. Its name roughly translated into English as "the Consultative Council". The lower house of parliament is the House of Representatives (Egypt), House of Representatives. The council was abolished by the 2014 constitution. The Shura Council was created in 1980 through a Constitutional Amendment. The council was composed of 264 members of which 176 members were directly elected and 88 were appointed by the President of Egypt, President of the Republic for six-year terms. Membership was rotating, with one half of the Council renewed every three years. A legal challenge concerning the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdel-Wahab Abdel-Razeq
Abdel Wahab Abdel Razeq (born 1948) is an Senate (Egypt), Egyptian senator, elected as the Senate President on 18 October 2020. He was Chancellor of the Supreme Constitutional Court (Egypt), Supreme Constitutional Court until 2018. Abdel Razek, a judge of the Supreme Constitutional Court (Egypt), Supreme Court, was born 1948 in Minya, Egypt, Minya, he earned his bachelor's degree in law from Cairo University in 1969. He was and appointed assistant prosecutor in the Accountability State Authority in 1971; he became the permanent secretary to Attorney General in the Ministry of Justice (Egypt), Ministry of Justice and also deputy secretary in the State Council in 1987. He became a prosecutor in the State Council in 1989. He was also the legal consultant to the Cabinet of Kuwait, Kuwaiti Cabinet from 1992 to 1998 and became the adviser to commissioners authority of the Supreme Constitutional Court until 1994, at which point which became the head of the authority. He was appointed de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Independent Politician
An independent politician or non-affiliated politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party or Bureaucracy, bureaucratic association. There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent. Some politicians have political views that do not align with the platforms of any political party and therefore they choose not to affiliate with them. Some independent politicians may be associated with a party, perhaps as former members of it or else have views that align with it, but choose not to stand in its name, or are unable to do so because the party in question has selected another candidate. Others may belong to or support a political party at the national level but believe they should not formally represent it (and thus be subject to its policies) at another level. In some cases, a politician may be a member of an unregistered party and therefore officially recognised as an independent. Officeholders may become independents after losing or r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Party
A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular area's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific political ideology, ideological or policy goals. Political parties have become a major part of the politics of almost every country, as modern party organizations developed and spread around the world over the last few centuries. Although List of countries without political parties, some countries have no political parties, this is extremely rare. Most countries have Multi-party system, several parties while others One-party state, only have one. Parties are important in the politics of autocracies as well as democracies, though usually Democracy, democracies have more political parties than autocracies. Autocracies often have a single party that Government, governs the country, and some political scientists consider competition between two or more parties to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahram Online
''Al-Ahram'' (; ), founded on 5 August 1876, is the most widely circulating Egyptian daily newspaper, and the second-oldest after '' Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya'' (''The Egyptian Events'', founded 1828). It is majority owned by the Egyptian government, and is considered a newspaper of record for Egypt. Given the many varieties of Arabic language, ''Al-Ahram'' is widely considered an influential source of writing style in Arabic. In 1950, the Middle East Institute described ''Al-Ahram'' as being to the Arabic-reading public within its area of distribution, "What ''The Times'' is to Englishmen and ''The New York Times'' to Americans";Middle East Institute, 1950, p. 155. however, it has often been accused of heavy influence and censorship by the Egyptian government. In addition to the main edition published in Egypt, the paper publishes two other Arabic-language editions, one geared to the Arab world and the other aimed at an international audience, as well as editions in English an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Constitutional Court (Egypt)
The Supreme Constitutional Court (, ''Al Mahkama Al Dustūrīya El ‘Ulyā'') is an independent judicial body in Egypt, located in the Cairo suburb of Maadi. The Supreme Constitutional Court is the highest judicial authority in the Arab Republic of Egypt, with its headquarters located in Cairo. Its primary function is to ensure that laws are in compliance with the provisions of the Egyptian Constitution. The court has the power to annul any laws that are found to violate constitutional texts and articles. Operating as an independent judicial body, the Supreme Constitutional Court is separate from both the legislative and executive branches of government. The court is composed of a president, one or more vice presidents, and a sufficient number of counselors. Rulings are issued by a panel of seven counselors, and such rulings are final and cannot be contested by any means. In addition to its role in reviewing laws, the Supreme Constitutional Court also determines the appropriat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of Egypt
The president of the Arab Republic of Egypt () is the executive head of state of Egypt and the de facto appointer of the official head of government under the Egyptian Constitution of 2014. Under the various iterations of the History of the Egyptian Constitution, Constitution of Egypt following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the president is also the Commander-in-chief#Egypt, supreme commander of the Armed Forces, and head of the executive branch of the Cabinet of Egypt, Egyptian government. Six presidents took over the presidency of Egypt after the abolition of the Muhammad Ali dynasty, monarchy in 1953, in periods that included short transitional periods. They began with Mohamed Naguib, then Gamal Abdel Nasser, and Anwar Sadat. He was followed by Hosni Mubarak, and then Mohamed Morsi. The current president is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, Field Marshal Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who has been in office since 8 June 2014. History The first president of Egypt was Mohamed Naguib, who, along ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitutional Amendment
A constitutional amendment (or constitutional alteration) is a modification of the constitution of a polity, organization or other type of entity. Amendments are often interwoven into the relevant sections of an existing constitution, directly altering the text. Conversely, they can be appended to the constitution as supplemental additions ( codicils), thus changing the frame of government without altering the existing text of the document. Most constitutions require that amendments cannot be enacted unless they have passed a special procedure that is more stringent than that required of ordinary legislation. Examples of such special procedures include supermajorities in the legislature, or direct approval by the electorate in a referendum, or even a combination of two or more different special procedures. A referendum to amend the constitution may also be triggered in some jurisdictions by popular initiative. Australia and Ireland provide examples of constitutions requiring t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
House Of Representatives (Egypt)
The House of Representatives () is the lower house of Egypt's bicameralism, bicameral Parliament of Egypt, parliament. Formation of the House The 2014 constitution that was passed in the Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2014, 2014 constitutional referendum has put into place the following rules: the House that is elected following the ratification of the constitution must have at least 450 members. In addition, prospective members must be Egyptian, must be at least 25 years old and must hold an education certificate. Also, the president can appoint, at the most, five percent of the members in the chamber. The House sits for a five-year term but can be dissolved earlier by the president. All seats are voted on in each election. The House of Representatives members are elected by absolute majority of legitimate votes cast. The House may demand the resignation of the cabinet by adopting a motion of censure. For this reason, the Prime Minister of Egypt and his cabinet are neces ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lower House
A lower house is the lower chamber of a bicameral legislature, where the other chamber is the upper house. Although styled as "below" the upper house, in many legislatures worldwide, the lower house has come to wield more power or otherwise exert significant political influence. Common attributes In comparison with the upper house, lower houses frequently display certain characteristics (though they vary by jurisdiction). Powers In a parliamentary system, the lower house: * In the modern era, has much more power, usually due to restrictions on the upper house. ** Exceptions to this are Australia, Italy, and Romania, where the upper and lower houses have similar power. * Is able to override the upper house in some ways. * Can vote a motion of no confidence against the government, as well as vote for or against any proposed candidate for head of government at the beginning of the parliamentary term. In a presidential system, the lower house: * Generally has less power th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2019 Egyptian Constitutional Referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt between 20 and 22 April 2019, The main proposed amendments were re-establishing the presidential term to six years, from four previously, and lengthening the then president's current term and allowing him to stand for an additional term in office, thereby allowing President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to potentially remain in power until 2030. The changes were approved by 88.83% of voters who voted, with a 44% turnout. Preparation Plans to amend the constitution were prepared by the General Intelligence Directorate (Mukhabarat) around December 2018, with nearly daily meetings headed by el-Sisi's son Mahmoud el-Sisi, Deputy Director of the Mukhabarat. Some meetings were also attended by Abbas Kamel, the Director of the Mukhabarat. The initial plans were to extend the presidential term to six years while retaining a maximum of two terms and to weaken the powers of parliament. Security services planned "wide-reaching arrest campaigns of civi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliament Of Egypt
The Parliament of Egypt is the Bicameralism, bicameral legislature of the Egypt, Arab Republic of Egypt. It is composed of an upper house (the Senate (Egypt), Senate) and a lower house (the House of Representatives (Egypt), House of Representatives). The Parliament is located in New Administrative Capital, Egypt's capital. Under the country's 2014 constitution, as the legislative branch of the Egyptian state the Parliament enacted laws, approved the general policy of the State, the general plan for economic and social development and the general budget of the State, supervised the work of the government, and had the power to vote to impeach the President of Egypt, president of the Republic, or replace the government and its Prime Minister of Egypt, prime minister by a vote of no-confidence. The parliament is made up of 596 seats, with 448 seats elected through the individual candidacy system, 120 elected through winner-take-all party lists (with quotas for youth, women, Chris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bicameralism
Bicameralism is a type of legislature that is divided into two separate Deliberative assembly, assemblies, chambers, or houses, known as a bicameral legislature. Bicameralism is distinguished from unicameralism, in which all members deliberate and vote as a single group. , roughly 40% of the world's national legislatures are bicameral, while unicameralism represents 60% nationally and much more at the subnational level. Often, the members of the two chambers are elected or selected by different methods, which vary from Jurisdiction (area), jurisdiction to jurisdiction. This can often lead to the two chambers having very different compositions of members. Enactment of a bill, Enactment of primary legislation often requires a concurrent majority—the approval of a majority of members in each of the chambers of the legislature. When this is the case, the legislature may be called an example of perfect bicameralism. However, in many parliamentary and semi-presidential systems, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
