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Selma Stern
Selma Stern-Täubler (born 24 July 1890, Kippenheim, Germany – died 17 August 1981, Basel) was one of the first women to become a professional historian in Germany, and the author of a seven-volume work (3,740 pages) ''The Prussian State and the Jews'', her opus magnum. Life Selma Stern grew up in an upper-middle-class Jewish family; her father was a physician. In 1901 the family moved to Baden-Baden. In 1904 she was the first girl to attend the ''Großherzogliches Badisches Gymnasium'', a boys highschool, from which she graduated in 1908. She studied history, philosophy and philology at the University of Heidelberg, but left after three semesters and graduated at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1913 on Anacharsis Cloots. In 1914 she moved to Frankfurt to live with her mother and sister and started a career in German-Jewish history on a freelance basis. Shortly after the founding of the '' Akademie für die Wissenschaft des Judentums'' in Berlin in 1919, Stern a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kippenheim
Kippenheim () is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Kippenheim has restored its pre-war synagogue. Notable residents *Stef Wertheimer (born 1926), German-born Israeli entrepreneur, industrialist and politician * Kurt Maier (born 1930), Kippenheimer Holocaust survivor and librarian. * Inge Auerbacher (born 1934), Kippenheimer Holocaust survivor and chemist. Geographical Location Kippenheim is located on the foothills of the Black Forest in the Upper Rhine Plain about 7 km south of Lahr. Demographics Population development: History As documented in the General State Archives in Karlsruhe, Kippenheim, then Chippinheim, was first mentioned in 763. The Celts were probably the first to settle down in Kippenheim. The power of the Celtic tribes was broken by the Germans advancing from the North Sea region and the Roman attacks from the south. Around the year 250 AD, the Alemanni broke through the border wall from the east and occupi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kristallnacht
( ) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (, ), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's (SA) and (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German civilians throughout Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938. The German authorities looked on without intervening.German Mobs' Vengeance on Jews", ''The Daily Telegraph'', 11 November 1938, cited in The euphemistic name comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and synagogues were smashed. The pretext for the attacks was the assassination, on 9 November 1938, of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old German-born Polish Jew living in Paris. Jewish homes, hospitals and schools were ransacked as attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. Rioters destroyed over 1,400 synagogues and prayer rooms throughout Germany, Austria, and the Su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1890 Births
Events January * January 1 – The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony in the Horn of Africa. * January 2 – Alice Sanger becomes the first female staffer in the White House. * January 11 – 1890 British Ultimatum: The United Kingdom demands Portugal withdraw its forces from the land between the Portuguese colonies of Portuguese Mozambique, Mozambique and Portuguese Angola, Angola (most of present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia). * January 15 – Ballet ''The Sleeping Beauty (ballet), The Sleeping Beauty'', with music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Tchaikovsky, is premiered at the Mariinsky Theatre, Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia. * January 25 ** The United Mine Workers of America is founded. ** American journalist Nellie Bly completes her round-the-world journey in 72 days. February * February 5 – The worldwide insurance and financial service brand Allianz is founded in Berlin, Germany. * February 18 – The National Americ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Death
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic that occurred in Europe from 1346 to 1353. It was one of the list of epidemics, most fatal pandemics in human history; as many as people perished, perhaps 50% of Europe's 14th century population. The disease is caused by the Bacteria, bacterium ''Yersinia pestis'' and spread by Flea, fleas and through the air. One of the most significant events in European history, the Black Death had far-reaching population, economic, and cultural impacts. It was the beginning of the second plague pandemic. The plague created religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on the course of European history. The origin of the Black Death is disputed. Genetic analysis suggests ''Yersinia pestis'' bacteria evolved approximately 7,000 years ago, at the beginning of the Neolithic, with flea-mediated strains emerging around 3,800 years ago during the late Bronze Age. The immediate territorial origins of the Black Death and its outbreak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Josel Of Rosheim
Josel of Rosheim (alternatively: Joselin, Joselmann, Yoselmann, , ''Joseph ben Gershon mi-Rosheim'', or ''Joseph ben Gershon Loanz''; – March 1554) was a German rabbi and community leader. He was the great advocate ("'' shtadlan''") of the German and Polish Jews during the reigns of the Holy Roman emperors Maximilian I and Charles V. Maximilian I appointed him as governor of all Jews of Germany, a position which was confirmed after his death by his grandson, Charles V. His stature among the Jews, and the protected status he gained for himself and for the Jews within the Holy Roman Empire, rested in part on his skills as an advocate and in part from the Jewish role in financing the expenses of the emperor. Josel of Rosheim remains a major figure of the History of Jews in Alsace. Family background One of his ancestors was Jacob ben Jehiel Loans, personal physician to Emperor Frederick III, ennobled for his medical achievements, and also Hebrew teacher of the well-known h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Süß Oppenheimer
Joseph Süß Oppenheimer ( – February 4, 1738) was a German banker who was court Jew for Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg, managing several of his enterprises. Throughout his career, Oppenheimer made scores of powerful enemies, some of whom conspired to bring about his arrest and execution after Charles Alexander's death. In the centuries since his execution, Oppenheimer's rise and fall have been treated in two notable literary works, and his ordeal inspired two films, including the antisemitic production '' Jud Süß'', released in Nazi Germany in 1940, itself the cause for a famous postwar trial. Career Oppenheimer was born in Heidelberg to a Jewish tax collector and his wife. The father died early, and the exact whereabouts of Joseph Süß in the following years are not certain. By the 1720s, Oppenheimer was working as a court Jew in Mannheim, Darmstadt, and finally Frankfurt am Main. In Frankfurt he was introduced to Karl Alexander, the future Duke of Württem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke Of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Charles William Ferdinand (; 9 October 1735 – 10 November 1806) was the ruling prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, hereditary duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and a military leader. His titles are usually shortened to Duke of Brunswick in English-language sources. He succeeded his father as sovereign prince of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, one of the princely states of the Holy Roman Empire. The duke was a cultured and benevolent despot in the model of his uncle, Frederick the Great, and was married to Princess Augusta, the eldest sister of George III of Great Britain. He was also a recognized master of 18th century warfare, serving as a field marshal in the Prussian Army. During the Napoleonic Wars, he was mortally wounded by a musket ball at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806. Early life Charles William Ferdinand was born in the town of Wolfenbüttel on 9 October 1735, probably in Wolfenbüttel Castle. He was the first-born son of Charles I, Duke of B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daniel Itzig
Daniel Itzig (also known as Daniel Yoffe; 18 March 1723 in Berlin – 17 May 1799 in Potsdam) was a court Jew of Kings Frederick II and Frederick William II of Prussia. Biography Itzig was born in Berlin. His family was mercantile. Itzig was a banker and a mintmaster in partnership with Veitel Heine Ephraim. Together they leased all the mints in Saxony and Prussia. During the Seven Years' War they assisted Frederick the Great in debasing the Saxonian currency and spreading the Ephraimiten, not only in Saxony, but also in Silesia, Poland, Bohemia and Courland Courland is one of the Historical Latvian Lands in western Latvia. Courland's largest city is Liepāja, which is the third largest city in Latvia. The regions of Semigallia and Selonia are sometimes considered as part of Courland as they were .... Itzig was one of the very few Jews in Prussia to receive full citizenship privileges, as a "Useful Jew". He became extraordinarily wealthy as a consequence. Togethe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veitel Heine Ephraim
Veitel Heine Ephraim (1703 – 16 May 1775) was a jeweller, silk entrepreneur, mint master, and the chairman of the Jewish congregation in Berlin/Prussia. During the Seven Years' War, Frederick the Great devalued the Prussian coin five times in order to finance the war; debased coins were produced with the help from Ephraim and Daniel Itzig, and spread outside Prussia: in Saxony, Poland, and Kurland. Ephraim and his companion Itzig became infamous for adding copper, up to 70%, so as to debase the coins, which became known as Ephraimiten. Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann, Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky, and Leendert Pieter de Neufville also cooperated in the debasement policy. The king's coinage policy became a key element of war financing. Life Veitel Ephraim was the fifth child of Altona-born jeweller and elder of the Jewish Community Nathan Veitel Ephraim (1658–1748), who moved from Hamburg to Berlin. His mother came from Vienna. The Ephraim family lived in Spandauer Straße ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Court Jews
In early modern Europe, particularly in Germany, a court Jew (, ) or court factor (, ) was a Jewish banker who handled the finances of, or lent money to, royalty and nobility. In return for their services, court Jews gained social privileges, including, in some cases, being granted noble status. Examples of what would be later called court Jews emerged in the High Middle Ages when the royalty, the nobility, and the church borrowed money from money changers or employed them as financiers. Among the most notable of these were Aaron of Lincoln and Vivelin of Strasbourg. Jewish financiers could use their family connections to provide their sponsors with finance, food, arms, ammunition, gold and other precious metals. The rise of the absolute monarchies in Central Europe brought many Jews, mostly of Ashkenazi origin, into the position of negotiating loans for the various courts. They could amass personal fortunes and gain political and social influence. However, the court Jew had ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schutzjude
(, "protected Jew") was a status for German Jews granted by the imperial, princely or royal courts. Within the Holy Roman Empire, except some eastern territories gained by the Empire in the 11th and 12th centuries (e.g. Brandenburg), Jews usually had the status of Servi camerae regis. This status included imperial protection and the levying of special taxes on the Jews for the Empire's treasury (Latin: camera regis). But the emperors, always short of money, alienated – by sale or pledge – their privilege to levy extra taxes on Jews, not all at once, but territory by territory to different creditors and purchasers. Thus Jews lost their – not always reliable – imperial protection. Many territories that gained supremacy over the Jews living within their boundaries subsequently expelled them. After the general expulsions of the Jews from a given territory often only single Jews – if any at all – would be granted the personal privilege to reside within the territory. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leo Baeck Institute
The Leo Baeck Institute, established in 1955, is an international research institute with centres in New York City, London, Jerusalem and Berlin, that are devoted to the study of the history and culture of German-speaking Jewry. The institute was founded in 1955 by a consortium of influential Jewish scholars including Hannah Arendt, Martin Buber and Gershom Scholem. The Leo Baeck Medal has been awarded since 1978 to those who have helped preserve the spirit of German-speaking Jewry in culture, academia, politics, and philanthropy. Organizational structure The Leo Baeck Institute is made up of three independent international institutes, as well as two Berlin centres, and two Berlin working groups that are governed by the Leo Baeck Institute International board: * Leo Baeck Institute New York/Berlin * Leo Baeck Institute Jerusalem * Leo Baeck Institute London * Berlin centres: ** Leo Baeck Institute New York – Berlin office ** Leo Baeck Institute Archives at the Jewish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
