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Second Syrian Republic
The Second Syrian Republic, officially the Syrian Republic from 1950 to 1958 and the Syrian Arab Republic from 1961 to 1963, succeeded the First Syrian Republic that had become ''de facto'' independent in April 1946 from the French Mandate. The Second Republic was founded on the Syrian Constitution of 1950, which was suspended from 1950 to 1954 under Adib Shishakli's strongmanship, and later when Syria joined with the Republic of Egypt in forming the United Arab Republic in 1958. The Second Republic resumed when Syria withdrew from the union in 1961. In 1963, the Syrian Ba'athist Party came to power in a bloodless military coup, which laid the foundations for the political structure in Ba'athist Syria. The green, white, black and red flag is the first flag of the Syrian Arab Republic and with the shortest usage, that being from 1961 to 1963. It was also the flag of the Syrian opposition during the Syrian civil war, and became the official flag of Syria anew in 2025. B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Arab Republic
The United Arab Republic (UAR; ) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 to 1971. It was initially a short-lived political union between Republic of Egypt (1953–1958), Egypt (including Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic, Egyptian-governed Gaza) and Second Syrian Republic, Syria from 1958 until Syria seceded from the union following the 1961 Syrian coup d'état. Egypt continued to be known officially as the United Arab Republic until it was formally dissolved by Anwar Sadat in September 1971. The republic was led by Gamal Abdel Nasser as the President of Egypt, Egyptian president. The UAR was a member of the United Arab States, a loose confederation with the Kingdom of Yemen, Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, which was dissolved in 1961. It was a brief pan-Arab union. History Origins The United Arab Republic was established on 1 February 1958 as the first step towards a larger Pan-Arabism, pan-Arab state, originally being proposed to Egyptian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
One-party State
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system. In a one-party state, all opposition parties are either outlawed or enjoy limited and controlled participation in election An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold Public administration, public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative d ...s. The term "''de facto'' one-party state" is sometimes used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike a one-party state, allows (at least nominally) multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power. Membership in the ruling party tends to be relatively small compared to the population. Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syrian Constitution Of 1950
The Syrian Constitution of 1950, also known as the "Constitution of Independence," was drafted following a 1950 coup by Sami al-Hinnawi. The new government, under President Hashim al-Atassi, focused on elections and drafting a constitution. The final document which was officially adopted on September 5, 1950, aimed to limit the president's powers while increasing the authority of parliament. History The drafting committee of the 1950 Syrian Constitution reviewed 15 European and Asian constitutions to ensure the highest possible standards, according to Nazim al-Qudsi. The final draft was completed by April 15, 1950, and the Constituent Assembly began discussions on July 22. The original draft contained 177 articles, but 11 were removed, leaving 166 in the final version. Major debates included the status of Islam as the state religion, which was decided to be the religion of the president rather than the state, following the model of the 1930 constitution. Another significant discu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Syrian Republic
The First Syrian Republic, officially the Syrian Republic, was formed in 1930 as a component of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, succeeding the State of Syria. A treaty of independence was made in 1936 to grant independence to Syria and end official French rule, but the French parliament refused to accept the treaty. From 1940 to 1941, the Syrian Republic was under the control of Vichy France, and after the Allied invasion in 1941 gradually went on the path towards independence. The proclamation of independence took place in 1944, but only in October 1945 was the Syrian Republic ''de jure'' recognized by the United Nations; it became a ''de facto'' sovereign state on 17 April 1946, with the withdrawal of French troops. It was succeeded by the Second Syrian Republic upon the adoption of a new constitution on 5 September 1950. Background On 23 December 1925, Henri de Jouvenel was appointed as French High Commissioner for Syria, and on 28 April 1926, the High Commissio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khalid Al-Azm
Khalid al-Azm (; 11 June 1903 – 18 November 1965) was a Syrian politician and five-time interim Prime Minister, as well as Acting President from 4 April to 16 September 1941. He was a member of one of the most prominent political families in Syria, al-Azm (also known as Alazem or Al Azem), and the son of an Ottoman minister of religious affairs. Career He graduated from the University of Damascus in 1923 with a degree in law, and joined the city government in 1925. At this time he also actively ran his family's estates throughout the country. In the 1930s, he became close associates with leading members of the anti-French National Bloc coalition such as future presidents Hashim al-Atassi and Shukri al-Kuwatli. He remained a longtime supporter of the former, but often quarreled with the latter, whom he accused of being too authoritarian. In 1941 the French appointed him Prime Minister and Acting President, having had no success in finding a viable candidate since the resi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prime Minister Of Syria
The prime minister of Syria (), officially the president of the Council of Ministers of the Syrian Arab Republic, was the head of government of Syria from 1920 to 2025. After the fall of the Assad regime, the prime minister of Syria was the head of the Syrian caretaker government. History Ba'athist Syria (1963–2024) In normal circumstances and under the constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic, the prime minister is appointed by the president of Syria, along with other ministers and members of the government that the new prime minister recommends. The People's Assembly of Syria then approves the legislative program of the new government, before the new government formally take office. There are no constitutional limits on a prime minister's term, and several served multiple non-consecutive terms. The Syrian presidency retains the constitutional authority to appoint or remove the prime minister and his Council of Ministers. Post-Ba'athist Syria (2024–2025) With ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maamun Al-Kuzbari
Maamun al-Kuzbari (; 1914 – 2 March 1998) was a Syrian literary personality, politician and acting head of state (29 September – 20 November 1961) from a prominent Damascus family. Career He studied International law at the University of Lyon's affiliate Saint Joseph University in the Lebanese capital, Beirut, and became an attorney in Damascus in 1943 and a professor at Damascus University in 1948. He entered parliament as an independent in 1953, allying himself with military strongman Adib al-Shishakli. He was elected Speaker of parliament and chairman of the Constitutional Assembly charged by Shishakli to amend the constitution. Shishakli also appointed him secretary general of the Arab Liberation Movement (ALM), Shishakli's political vehicle. He also managed the party's daily newspaper, ''Al Tahrir al Arabi'' ("The Arab Liberation"). After Shishakli was overthrown, Kuzbari in his position as Speaker, and according to the constitution, was declared acting President i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vice President Of Syria
The vice president of Syria (), officially the vice president of the Syrian Arab Republic, is a political position in Syria. The Constitution of Syria states that in the case of the president's temporary disablement, the vice president may become acting president. Multiple people can hold the office of vice president at the same time. The president of Syria appoints vice presidents. As of May 2025, the Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham, HTS-led Syrian transitional government, transitional government has not selected a vice president. Vice President in Interim Constitution Under the 2025 Interim Constitution of Syria: * The President of the Republic appoints one or more vice presidents. * The President determines their powers, dismisses them, and accepts their resignations. * If the presidency becomes vacant, the vice president assumes the President’s powers. List of officeholders Second Syrian Republic (1950–1958) United Arab Republic (1958–1961) Ba'athist Syria (1963–2024) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazim Al-Kudsi
Nazim al-Qudsi (; 14 February 1906 – 6 February 1998), was a Syrian politician who served as the 14th president of Syria from 14 December 1961 to 8 March 1963. Early life and education Al-Qudsi was born in Aleppo on 14 February 1906. After graduating from Aleppo College, he obtained his law degree from Damascus University. He later received a master's degree from the American University of Beirut (AUB), and PhD from the University of Geneva-affiliated Graduate Institute of International Studies. Early career After his education, Qudsi returned to Syria in 1935 and joined the National Bloc, the leading anti-French independence movement, and became one of its prominent members in Aleppo. It was a political organization which sought to emancipate Syria from French control through diplomatic means rather than armed resistance. In 1936, he ran for parliament on a National Bloc ticket and won. He clashed with the Bloc leadership that failed to prevent the annexation of Alexandr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hashim Al-Atassi
Hashim al-Atassi (; 11 January 1875 – 5 December 1960) was a Syrian politician and statesman who served as the President of Syria on three occasions from 1936 to 1939, 1949 to 1951 and 1954 to 1955. Background and early career He was born in Homs in 1875 to the large, landowning and politically active Atassi family. He studied public administration at the Mekteb-i Mülkiye in Istanbul, and graduated in 1893. He began his political career in 1888 in the Ottoman vilayet of Beirut, and through the years, up to 1918, served as Governor of Homs, Hama, Baalbek, Anatolia, and Jaffa, which included the then-small suburb of Tel Aviv. In 1919, after the defeat of Ottoman Turkey during World War I, he was elected chairman of the Syrian National Congress, the equivalent of a modern parliament. On 8 March 1920 that body declared independence as a constitutional monarchy, under King Faisal I. He became prime minister during this short-lived period, for French occupation soon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of Syria
The president of Syria (), officially the president of the Syrian Arab Republic, is the head of state and head of government of Syria. The president directs the executive branch and serves as the commander-in-chief of the Syrian Army and Syrian Armed Forces, Armed Forces. The president represents the nation in international relations and formalizes treaties with foreign countries. In 1922, French authorities created the Syrian Federation under the Mandate for Syria and Lebanon, with Subhi Barakat serving as its president. The federation was short-lived and was replaced by the State of Syria in 1925. Barakat briefly remained president until the outbreak of the Great Syrian Revolt later that year, which led to his resignation. He was succeeded by Ahmad Nami, who served as president until his removal in 1928. In the following years, the Syrian presidency underwent several changes in leadership, including a coup by Husni al-Za'im in March 1949 Syrian coup d'état, March 1949, follow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republic
A republic, based on the Latin phrase ''res publica'' ('public affair' or 'people's affair'), is a State (polity), state in which Power (social and political), political power rests with the public (people), typically through their Representative assembly, representatives—in contrast to a monarchy. Although a republic is most often a single sovereign state, subnational state entities that have governments that are republican in nature may be referred to as republics. Representation in a republic may or may not be freely elected by the general citizenry. In many historical republics, representation has been based on personal status and the role of elections has been limited. This remains true today; among the List of countries by system of government, 159 states that use ''republic'' in their official names , and other states formally constituted as republics, are states that narrowly constrain both the right of representation and the process of election. The term developed i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
