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Sclerodermatineae
Sclerodermatineae is a suborder of the fungal order Boletales. Circumscribed in 2002 by mycologists Manfred Binder and Andreas Bresinsky, it contains nine genera and about 80 species. The suborder contains a diverse assemblage fruit body morphologies, including boletes, gasteroid forms, earthstars (genus ''Astraeus''), and puffballs. Most species are ectomycorrhizal, although the ecological role of some species is not known with certainty. The suborder is thought to have originated in the late Cretaceous (145–66  Ma) in Asia and North America, and the major genera diversified around the mid Cenozoic (66–0 Ma). Taxonomy The Sclerodermatineae was first legitimately used by Manfred Binder and Andreas Bresinsky in 2002 based on molecular analyses of nuclear ribosomal large subunit (25S) rRNA sequences from 60 species of Boletales. This research was an extension of Binder's 1999 graduate work, in which he argued for the need to recognize the molecular differences of t ...
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Sclerodermataceae
The Sclerodermataceae are a family of fungi in the order Boletales, containing several genera of unusual fungi that little resemble boletes. Taxa, which include species commonly known as the ‘hard-skinned puffballs’, ‘earthballs’, or ' earthstars', are widespread in both temperate and tropical regions. The best known members include the earthball ''Scleroderma citrinum'', the dye fungus '' Pisolithus tinctorius'' and the ' prettymouths' of the genus '' Calostoma''. Description Fruit-bodies are mostly epigenous (above ground), rarely hypogeous (underground), more or less spherical in shape, without a stem or with an irregular root-like stem. The peridium (outer wall) is mostly simple, rarely 2-layered, firm, rarely thin, membranous, breaking open irregularly or in lobes or decaying, revealing the gleba. The gleba typically has sharply defined basidia-bearing sectors, which are partitioned from one another by sterile veins, and in which the basidia are regularly scattered th ...
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Phlebopus
''Phlebopus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Boletinellaceae (suborder (biology), suborder Sclerodermatineae of the Boletales order). The genus has a widespread distribution in subtropical and pantropical regions, and contains 12 species. The species are saprobic, with some possibly able to form mycorrhizae with exotic trees in certain conditions. It contains the gigantic ''Phlebopus marginatus'', the pileus (mycology), cap of which can reach in diameter. Taxonomy The genus was originally described as a subgenus of ''Boletus'' by Roger Heim in 1936, and raised to generic status by Rolf Singer that year. It was later redescribed with another type species (''Phaeogyroporus braunii'') under the name ''Phaeogyroporus'' by Rolf Singer in 1944. This name was used until 1981, when a specimen of ''Phlebopus colossus'' was collected and mycologist Paul Heinemann designated it as the lectotype. The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek Φλεβο- "vein" and πους "foo ...
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Boletinellus
''Boletinellus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Boletinellaceae (suborder (biology), suborder Sclerodermatineae of the Boletales). The genus was first described by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1909. References

Boletales Boletales genera Taxa named by William Alphonso Murrill {{Boletales-stub ...
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Astraeus (fungus)
''Astraeus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Diplocystaceae. The genus, which has a cosmopolitan distribution, contains nine species of earthstar mushroom. They are distinguished by the outer layer of flesh ( exoperidium) that at maturity splits open in a star-shape manner to reveal a round spore sac. Additionally, they have a strongly hygroscopic character—the rays will open when moist, but when hot and dry will close to protect the spore sac. Species of ''Astraeus'' grow on the ground in ectomycorrhizal associations with trees and shrubs. Despite their similar appearance to the ''Geastrum'' earthstars, the species of ''Astraeus'' are not closely related. Description The mycelium of immature specimens is fibrous, and originates from all parts of the surface. The peridium is roughly spherical, and made of two distinct tissue layers. The outer layer, the exoperidium, is thick, leathery, and initially inseparable from the inner layer (endoperidium). At maturity, the exoperid ...
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Boletales
The Boletales are an order of Agaricomycetes containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of fruiting body types. The boletes are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes. The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of agarics, puffballs, and other fruiting-body types. Taxonomy The order Boletales originally was created to describe boletes, but based on micromorphological and molecular phylogenetic characteristics, a large number of nonbolete species have recently been reclassified to belong to this group, as well. The order also includes some gilled mushrooms, in the families Gomphidiaceae, Serpulaceae, Tapinellaceae, Hygrophoropsidaceae, and Paxillaceae, which often have the same flesh texture as the boletes, spore-bearing tissue which is also easily separable from the cap, and similar microscopic characteristics of spores and cystidia. Taxonomic studies using secondary metabolites a ...
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Boletineae
The Boletineae are a suborder of the fungal order Boletales. Families in the Boletineae include the Boletaceae and the Paxillaceae. Taxa *Paxillaceae **'' Alpova'' **'' Austrogaster'' **'' Gyrodon'' **'' Hydnomerulius'' **'' Meiorganum'' **''Melanogaster'' **'' Paragyrodon'' **''Paxillus'' *Boletaceae **'' Afroboletus'' **''Aureoboletus'' **''Australopilus'' **'' Austroboletus'' **'' Boletellus'' **'' Boletochaete'' **''Boletus'' **'' Borofutus'' **'' Bothia'' **'' Chalciporus'' **'' Chamonixia'' **'' Corneroboletus'' **'' Fistulinella'' **''Gastroboletus'' **'' Gymnogaster'' **''Harrya'' **''Heimioporus'' **'' Heliogaster'' **'' Hemileccinum'' **''Leccinellum'' **''Leccinum'' **'' Mycoamaranthus'' **'' Octaviania'' **'' Phylloboletellus'' **''Phylloporus'' **''Porphyrellus'' **'' Pseudoboletus'' **''Pulveroboletus'' **''Retiboletus'' **'' Rhodactina'' **'' Rossbeevera'' **'' Royoungia'' **'' Sinoboletus'' **'' Solioccasus'' **'' Spongiforma'' **'' Strobilomyces'' **'' Sutorius'' ...
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28S Ribosomal RNA
28S ribosomal RNA is the structural ribosomal RNA (rRNA) for the large subunit (LSU) of eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes, and thus one of the basic components of all eukaryotic cells. It has a size of 25S in plants and 28S in mammals, hence the alias of 25S–28S rRNA. Combined with 5.8S rRNA to the 5' side, it is the eukaryotic nuclear homologue of the prokaryotic 23S and mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNAs. Use in phylogeny The genes coding for 28S rRNA are referred to as 28S rDNA. The comparison of the sequences from these genes are sometimes used in molecular analysis to construct phylogenetic trees, for example in protists, fungi, insects, arachnids, tardigrades, and vertebrates. Structure The 28S rRNA is typically 4000–5000 nt long. Some eukaryotes cleave 28S rRNA into two parts before assembling both into the ribosome, a phenomenon termed the "hidden break". Databases Several databases provide alignments and annotations of LSU rRNA sequences for compar ...
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RRNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and then bound to ribosomal proteins to form SSU rRNA, small and LSU rRNA, large ribosome subunits. rRNA is the physical and mechanical factor of the ribosome that forces transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) to process and Translation (biology), translate the latter into proteins. Ribosomal RNA is the predominant form of RNA found in most cells; it makes up about 80% of cellular RNA despite never being translated into proteins itself. Ribosomes are composed of approximately 60% rRNA and 40% ribosomal proteins, though this ratio differs between Prokaryote, prokaryotes and Eukaryote, eukaryotes. Structure Although the primary structure of rRNA sequences can vary across organisms, Base pair, base-pairing within these sequ ...
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Lineage (evolution)
An evolutionary lineage is a temporal series of populations, organisms, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendant. Lineages are subsets of the evolutionary tree of life. Lineages are often determined by the techniques of molecular systematics. Phylogenetic representation of lineages upright=1.4, A rooted tree of life into three ancient monophyletic lineages: archaea.html" ;"title="bacteria, archaea">bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes based on rRNA genes Lineages are typically visualized as subsets of a phylogenetic tree. A lineage is a single line of descent or linear chain within the tree, while a clade is a (usually branched) monophyletic group, containing a single ancestor and all its descendants. Phylogenetic trees are typically created from DNA, RNA or protein sequence data. Apart from this, morphological differences and similarities have been, and still are used to create phylogenetic trees. Sequences from different individua ...
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