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Sainte-Laguë Index
The Sainte-Laguë index (SLI) measures an election’s disproportionality, the adherence to the one person, one vote principle of equal representation. This index assumes if the fraction of voters matches the fraction of seats, then perfect proportionality is achieved. Gallagher, Michael. "Proportionality, disproportionality and electoral systems." Electoral studies 10.1 (1991): 33-51. Goldenberg, Josh, and Stephen D. Fisher. "The Sainte-Laguë index of disproportionality and Dalton’s principle of transfers." Party Politics 25.2 (2019): 203-207. Equation for Sainte-Laguë index: : \mathrm = \sum_^n =\sum_^n , where V_i is fraction of votes and S_i is fraction of seats for each of the political parties. The first part of the equation illustrates the derivation of the equation as the squared difference to the ideal seats-to-votes ratio, then weighted equally for each voter. The larger the Sainte-Laguë index is, the larger the disproportionality and the smaller the Sainte-Laguë i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proportional Representation
Proportional representation (PR) refers to any electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. The concept applies mainly to political divisions (Political party, political parties) among voters. The aim of such systems is that all votes cast contribute to the result so that each representative in an assembly is mandated by a roughly equal number of voters, and therefore all votes have equal weight. Under other election systems, a bare Plurality (voting), plurality or a scant majority in a district are all that are used to elect a member or group of members. PR systems provide balanced representation to different factions, usually defined by parties, reflecting how votes were cast. Where only a choice of parties is allowed, the seats are allocated to parties in proportion to the vote tally or ''vote share'' each party receives. Exact proportionality is never achieved under PR systems, except by chance. The use of elector ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
One Man, One Vote
"One man, one vote" or "one vote, one value" is a slogan used to advocate for the principle of equal representation in voting. This slogan is used by advocates of democracy and political equality, especially with regard to electoral reforms like universal suffrage, direct elections, and proportional representation. Metrics and definitions The violation of equal representation on a seat per vote basis in various electoral systems can be measured with the Loosemore–Hanby index, the Gallagher index, and other measures of disproportionality. History The phrase surged in English-language usage around 1880, thanks in part to British trade unionist George Howell, who used the phrase "one man, one vote" in political pamphlets. During the mid-to-late 20th-century period of decolonisation and the struggles for national sovereignty, this phrase became widely used in developing countries where majority populations sought to gain political power in proportion to their numbers. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Parties
A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular area's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific ideological or policy goals. Political parties have become a major part of the politics of almost every country, as modern party organizations developed and spread around the world over the last few centuries. Although some countries have no political parties, this is extremely rare. Most countries have several parties while others only have one. Parties are important in the politics of autocracies as well as democracies, though usually democracies have more political parties than autocracies. Autocracies often have a single party that governs the country, and some political scientists consider competition between two or more parties to be an essential part of democracy. Parties can develop from existing divisions in society, like the divisions b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seats-to-votes Ratio
The seats-to-votes ratio, also known as the advantage ratio, is a measure of equal representation of voters. The equation for seats-to-votes ratio for a political party ''i'' is: : \mathrm = s_i/v_i, where \mathrm is fraction of votes cast for that party and s_i is fraction of seats won by that party. In the case both seats and votes are represented as fractions or percentages, then every voter has equal representation if the seats-to-votes ratio is 1. The principle of equal representation is expressed in slogan one man, one vote and relates to proportional representation. The seats-to-votes ratio is used as the basis for the Gallagher index method of analyzing proportionality or disproportionality. Related is the votes-per-seat-won, which is inverse to the seats-to-votes ratio. Also related are the principles of one man one vote and representation by population. Relation to disproportionality indices The Sainte-Laguë Index is a disproportionality index derived by applying ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Gallagher (academic)
Michael Gallagher (born 1951) is a political scientists, political scientist. He is professor of comparative politics and head of the Department of Political Science at the Trinity College Dublin. Education Trained as a computer scientist, Gallagher combines his understanding of statistical analysis with his interests in politics. He holds a B.A. from Lancaster University, Lancaster, two M.Sc. degrees, one from University of Essex, Essex and one from University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde. He completed his Ph.D. at the University of Strathclyde. Career Gallagher created the Gallagher index, a least squares index of proportional representation that measures an electoral system’s disproportionality between votes received and seats allotted in a legislature. His research interests include Politics of the Republic of Ireland, Irish politics, Comparative politics, comparative political institutions, and political parties. Gallagher is the author, co-author or editor of eighteen book ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sainte-Laguë Method
The Webster method, also called the Sainte-Laguë method (), is a highest averages apportionment method for allocating seats in a parliament among federal states, or among parties in a party-list proportional representation system. The Sainte-Laguë method shows a more equal seats-to-votes ratio for different sized parties among apportionment methods. The method was first described in 1832 by American statesman and senator Daniel Webster. In 1842, the method was adopted for proportional allocation of seats in United States congressional apportionment (Act of 25 June 1842, ch 46, 5 Stat. 491). The same method was independently invented in 1910 by the French mathematician André Sainte-Laguë. Motivation Proportional electoral systems attempt to distribute seats in proportion to the votes for each political party, i.e. a party with 30% of votes would receive 30% of seats. Exact proportionality is not possible because only whole seats can be distributed. Different apportionm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pearson's Chi-squared Test
Pearson's chi-squared test or Pearson's \chi^2 test is a statistical test applied to sets of categorical data to evaluate how likely it is that any observed difference between the sets arose by chance. It is the most widely used of many chi-squared tests (e.g., Yates, likelihood ratio, portmanteau test in time series, etc.) – statistical procedures whose results are evaluated by reference to the chi-squared distribution. Its properties were first investigated by Karl Pearson in 1900. In contexts where it is important to improve a distinction between the test statistic and its distribution, names similar to ''Pearson χ-squared'' test or statistic are used. It is a p-value test. The setup is as follows: * Before the experiment, the experimenter fixes a certain number N of samples to take. * The observed data is (O_1, O_2, ..., O_n), the count number of samples from a finite set of given categories. They satisfy \sum_i O_i = N. * The null hypothesis is that the count numbers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gallagher Index
The Gallagher index measures an electoral system's relative Proportional representation, disproportionality between votes received and seats in a legislature. As such, it measures the difference between the percentage of votes each party gets and the percentage of seats each party gets in the resulting legislature, and it also measures this disproportionality from all parties ''collectively'' in any one given election. That collective disproportionality from the election is given a precise score, which can then be used in comparing various levels of proportionality among various elections from various electoral systems. The Gallagher index is a statistical analysis methodology utilised within political science, notably the branch of psephology. Michael Gallagher (academic), Michael Gallagher, who created the index, referred to it as a "least squares index", inspired by the residual sum of squares, sum of squares of residuals used in the method of least squares. The index is therefo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psephology
Psephology (; from Greek ) is the study of elections and voting. Psephology attempts to both forecast and explain election results. The term is more common in Britain and in those English-speaking communities that rely heavily on the British standard of the language. Psephology uses historical precinct voting data, public opinion polls, campaign finance information and similar statistical data. The term was coined in 1948 by W. F. R. Hardie (1902–1990) in the United Kingdom after R. B. McCallum, a friend of Hardie's, requested a word to describe the study of elections. Its first documented usage in writing appeared in 1952."Chapter 15: British Psephology 1945–2001: Reflections on the Nuffield Election Histories" David ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral Systems
An electoral or voting system is a set of rules used to determine the results of an election. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, nonprofit organizations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, Suffrage, who is allowed to vote, Nomination rules, who can stand as a candidate, Voting method, how ballots are marked and cast, how the ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on Campaign finance, campaign spending, and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices. Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime minister, president or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as membe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Efficiency Gap
Efficiency is the often measurable ability to avoid making mistakes or wasting materials, energy, efforts, money, and time while performing a task. In a more general sense, it is the ability to do things well, successfully, and without waste. In more mathematical or scientific terms, it signifies the level of performance that uses the least amount of inputs to achieve the highest amount of output. It often specifically comprises the capability of a specific application of effort to produce a specific outcome with a minimum amount or quantity of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort.Sickles, R., and Zelenyuk, V. (2019).Measurement of Productivity and Efficiency: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . Efficiency refers to very different inputs and outputs in different fields and industries. In 2019, the European Commission said: "Resource efficiency means using the Earth's limited resources in a sustainable procent manner while minimising impacts on the envi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wasted Vote
In electoral systems, a wasted vote is any vote cast that is not "used" to elect a winner, and so is not represented in the outcome. However, the term is vague and ill-defined, having been used to refer to a wide variety of unrelated concepts and metrics. The analysis depends on the way a "wasted vote" is defined. Wasted votes seldom affect each party equally irrespective of the system that produces them. More wasted votes for one party and fewer for another create a disproportionate chamber of elected members. Distortions produced by wasted votes work against the aim of fairly reflecting the wishes of the electorate. However, a system that produces wasted votes may prevent instability caused by many parties being elected to the legislature. Terminology There are at least two different types of wasted votes: Wasted votes and efficiency gap are defined pp. 850–852. * Lost votes are votes that make no impact on which candidates are elected. These votes do not actually elect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
