Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (911)
The Rus'–Byzantine Treaty of 911 is the most comprehensive and detailed treaty concluded between the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus in the 10th century. It was preceded by the preliminary Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (907), treaty of 907. It is considered the earliest written source of Old Russian Law. The text of the document, incorporated into the Primary Chronicle, has many affinities in content and phrasing with the trade treaties later concluded by Byzantium with the Maritime republics, merchant republics of Italy. It was composed in two languages and signed personally by Emperor Leo VI the Wise, Leo VI. The text also includes speeches of the parties on the occasion. No treaties of comparable complexity and antiquity are known among the other societies in Europe of that time. The treaty opens with a lengthy enumeration of the Rus' people, Rus' envoys (attested or reconstructed Old Norse forms in parentheses): Farlof (''Farulfr''), Ver/lemud (''Vermu(n)dr''), Rulav (''Rollabʀ'' ...
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