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Rugosity
Rugosity, ''f''r, is a measure of small-scale variations of amplitude in the height of a surface, :f_ = A_/A_ where ''A''r is the real (true, actual) surface area and ''A''g is the geometric surface area. Utility Rugosity calculations are commonly used in materials science to characterize surfaces, amongst others, in marine science to characterize seafloor habitats. A common technique to measure seafloor rugosity is Risk's chain-and-tape method but with the advent of underwater photography less invasive quantitative methods have been developed. Some examples include measuring small-scale seafloor bottom roughness from microtopographic laser scanning (Du Preez and Tunnicliffe 2012), and deriving multi-scale measures of rugosity, slope and aspect from benthic stereo image reconstructions (Friedman et al. 2012). Inconsistency Despite the popularity of using rugosity for two- and three-dimensional surface analyses, methodological inconsistency has been problematic. Building off r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rugosity
Rugosity, ''f''r, is a measure of small-scale variations of amplitude in the height of a surface, :f_ = A_/A_ where ''A''r is the real (true, actual) surface area and ''A''g is the geometric surface area. Rugosity calculations are commonly used in materials science to characterize surfaces, amongst others, in marine science to characterize seafloor habitats. A common technique to measure seafloor rugosity is Risk's chain-and-tape method but with the advent of underwater photography less invasive quantitative methods have been developed. Some examples include measuring small-scale seafloor bottom roughness from microtopographic laser scanning (Du Preez and Tunnicliffe 2012), and deriving multi-scale measures of rugosity, slope and aspect from benthic stereo image reconstructions (Friedman et al. 2012). Despite the popularity of using rugosity for two- and three-dimensional surface analyses, methodological inconsistency has been problematic. Building off recent advances, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Real Surface Area
Real may refer to: Currencies * Brazilian real (R$) * Central American Republic real * Mexican real * Portuguese real * Spanish real * Spanish colonial real Music Albums * ''Real'' (L'Arc-en-Ciel album) (2000) * ''Real'' (Bright album) (2010) * ''Real'' (Belinda Carlisle album) (1993) * ''Real'' (Gorgon City EP) (2013) * ''Real'' (IU EP) (2010) * ''Real'' (Ivy Queen album) (2004) * ''Real'' (Mika Nakashima album) (2013) * ''Real'' (Ednita Nazario album) (2007) * ''Real'' (Jodie Resther album), a 2000 album by Jodie Resther * ''Real'' (Michael Sweet album) (1995) * ''Real'' (The Word Alive album) (2014) * ''Real'', a 2002 album by Israel Houghton recording as Israel & New Breed Songs * "Real" (Goo Goo Dolls song) (2008) * "Real" (Gorgon City song) (2013) * "Real" (Plumb song) (2004) * "Real" (Vivid song) (2012) * "Real" (James Wesley song) (2010) * "Real", a song by Kendrick Lamar from ''Good Kid, M.A.A.D City'' * "Real", a song by NF from ''Therapy Session'' * "Re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Projected Area
Projected area is the two dimensional area measurement of a three-dimensional object by projecting its shape on to an arbitrary plane. This is often used in mechanical engineering and architectural engineering related fields, specifically hardness testing, axial stress, wind pressures, and terminal velocity. The geometrical definition of a projected area is: "the rectilinear parallel projection In three-dimensional geometry, a parallel projection (or axonometric projection) is a projection of an object in three-dimensional space onto a fixed plane, known as the '' projection plane'' or ''image plane'', where the '' rays'', known as ' ... of a surface of any shape onto a plane". This translates into the equation: A_\text = \int_ \cos \, dA where A is the original area, and \beta is the angle between the normal to the local plane and the line of sight to the surface A. For basic shapes the results are listed in the table below. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marine Science
Oceanography (), also known as oceanology and ocean science, is the scientific study of the oceans. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers utilize to glean further knowledge of the world ocean, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, climatology, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past. An oceanographer is a person who studies many matters concerned with oceans, including marine geology, physics, chemistry and biology. History Early history Humans first acquired knowledge of the waves and currents of the seas and oceans in pre-historic times. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seafloor
The seabed (also known as the seafloor, sea floor, ocean floor, and ocean bottom) is the bottom of the ocean The ocean (also the sea or the world ocean) is the body of salt water that covers approximately 70.8% of the surface of Earth and contains 97% of Earth's water. An ocean can also refer to any of the large bodies of water into which the wor .... All floors of the ocean are known as 'seabeds'. The structure of the seabed of the global ocean is governed by plate tectonics. Most of the ocean is very deep, where the seabed is known as the abyssal plain. Seafloor spreading creates mid-ocean ridges along the center line of major ocean basins, where the seabed is slightly shallower than the surrounding abyssal plain. From the abyssal plain, the seabed slopes upward toward the continents and becomes, in order from deep to shallow, the continental rise, Continental slope, slope, and Continental shelf, shelf. The depth within the seabed itself, such as the depth down through ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benthic
The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean, lake, or stream, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. The name comes from ancient Greek, βένθος (bénthos), meaning "the depths." Organisms living in this zone are called benthos and include microorganisms (e.g., bacteria and fungi) as well as larger invertebrates, such as crustaceans and polychaetes. Organisms here generally live in close relationship with the substrate and many are permanently attached to the bottom. The benthic boundary layer, which includes the bottom layer of water and the uppermost layer of sediment directly influenced by the overlying water, is an integral part of the benthic zone, as it greatly influences the biological activity that takes place there. Examples of contact soil layers include sand bottoms, rocky outcrops, coral, and bay mud. Description Oceans The benthic region of the ocean begins at the shore line ( intert ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stereoscopy
Stereoscopy (also called stereoscopics, or stereo imaging) is a technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth in an image by means of stereopsis for binocular vision. The word ''stereoscopy'' derives . Any stereoscopic image is called a stereogram. Originally, stereogram referred to a pair of stereo images which could be viewed using a stereoscope. Most stereoscopic methods present a pair of two-dimensional images to the viewer. The left image is presented to the left eye and the right image is presented to the right eye. When viewed, the human brain perceives the images as a single 3D view, giving the viewer the perception of 3D depth. However, the 3D effect lacks proper focal depth, which gives rise to the Vergence-Accommodation Conflict. Stereoscopy is distinguished from other types of 3D displays that display an image in three full dimensions, allowing the observer to increase information about the 3-dimensional objects being displayed by head and eye ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linear Interpolation
In mathematics, linear interpolation is a method of curve fitting using linear polynomials to construct new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points. Linear interpolation between two known points If the two known points are given by the coordinates (x_0,y_0) and (x_1,y_1), the linear interpolant is the straight line between these points. For a value in the interval (x_0, x_1), the value along the straight line is given from the equation of slopes \frac = \frac, which can be derived geometrically from the figure on the right. It is a special case of polynomial interpolation with . Solving this equation for , which is the unknown value at , gives \begin y &= y_0 + (x-x_0)\frac \\ &= \frac + \frac\\ &= \frac \\ &= \frac, \end which is the formula for linear interpolation in the interval (x_0,x_1). Outside this interval, the formula is identical to linear extrapolation. This formula can also be understood as a weighted average. The weights are inv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complexity
Complexity characterises the behaviour of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, leading to nonlinearity, randomness, collective dynamics, hierarchy, and emergence. The term is generally used to characterize something with many parts where those parts interact with each other in multiple ways, culminating in a higher order of emergence greater than the sum of its parts. The study of these complex linkages at various scales is the main goal of complex systems theory. The intuitive criterion of complexity can be formulated as follows: a system would be more complex if more parts could be distinguished, and if more connections between them existed. Science takes a number of approaches to characterizing complexity; Zayed ''et al.'' reflect many of these. Neil Johnson states that "even among scientists, there is no unique definition of complexity – and the scientific notion has traditionally been conveyed using particular examples ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concrete
Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, and is the most widely used building material. Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminum combined. Globally, the ready-mix concrete industry, the largest segment of the concrete market, is projected to exceed $600 billion in revenue by 2025. This widespread use results in a number of environmental impacts. Most notably, the production process for cement produces large volumes of greenhouse gas emissions, leading to net 8% of global emissions. Other environmental concerns include widespread illegal sand mining, impacts on the surrounding environment such as increased surface runoff or urban heat island effect, and potential public health implications from toxic ingredients. Significant research and development i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
