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Réacteur Université De Strasbourg
The Réacteur Universitaire de Strasbourg (RUS) was a 100 kW thermal Argonaut-class reactor built at the University Louis-Pasteur, located in the commune of Schiltigheim near Strasbourg. RUS went critical on 22 November 1966 and ended operations on 31 May 1995. Its decommissioning was finalized in 2009.''Réacteur universitaire de Strasbourg'' – ASN, 5 juillet 2013 History The design of university training reactor RUS was based on the Argonaut research reactor developed by the |
Thermal Reactor
A thermal-neutron reactor is a nuclear reactor that uses slow or thermal neutrons. ("Thermal" does not mean hot in an absolute sense, but means in thermal equilibrium with the medium it is interacting with, the reactor's fuel, moderator and structure, which is much lower energy than the fast neutrons initially produced by fission.) A fast-neutron reactor, on the other hand, operates using high-energy neutrons that are not slowed by a moderator. These reactors can efficiently use a broader range of fuels, including plutonium and other heavy atoms, and have the capability to breed more fissile material, such as uranium-238 into plutonium-239, which is not possible in thermal reactor. In contrast to thermal-neutron reactors, integral fast reactors (IFRs) operate using fast neutrons and are designed for increased fuel efficiency. These reactors are capable of recycling nuclear waste and breeding new fuel, which enhances sustainability. Additionally, IFRs incorporate passive safet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclear Fuel
Nuclear fuel refers to any substance, typically fissile material, which is used by nuclear power stations or other atomic nucleus, nuclear devices to generate energy. Oxide fuel For fission reactors, the fuel (typically based on uranium) is usually based on the metal oxide; the oxides are used rather than the metals themselves because the oxide melting point is much higher than that of the metal and because it cannot burn, being already in the oxidized state. Uranium dioxide Uranium dioxide is a black semiconductor, semiconducting solid. It can be made by heating uranyl nitrate to form . : This is then converted by heating with hydrogen to form UO2. It can be made from Enriched uranium, enriched uranium hexafluoride by reacting with ammonia to form a solid called ammonium diuranate, . This is then heated (Calcination, calcined) to form and U3O8 which is then converted by heating with hydrogen or ammonia to form UO2. The UO2 is mixed with an organic binder and pressed in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Strasbourg
The University of Strasbourg (, Unistra) is a public research university located in Strasbourg, France, with over 52,000 students and 3,300 researchers. Founded in the 16th century by Johannes Sturm, it was a center of intellectual life during the Age of Enlightenment. The old university was split into three separate entities in the 1970s before merging back together in 2009. Today, the University of Strasbourg comprises 35 academic faculties, schools, and institutes, as well as 71 research laboratories spread across six campuses, including the historic site in the Neustadt. Throughout its existence, Unistra alumni, faculty, or researchers have included 18 Nobel laureates, two Fields Medalists and a wide range of notable individuals in their respective fields. Among them are Goethe, statesman Robert Schuman, historian Marc Bloch and several chemists such as Louis Pasteur. History The university emerged from the Jean Sturm Gymnasium, a gymnasium of Lutheran and humanist ins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conveyor System
A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the transport of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transport for a wide variety of materials, which make them very popular in the material handling and packaging industries. They also have popular consumer applications, as they are often found in supermarkets and airports, constituting the final leg of item/ bag delivery to customers. Many kinds of conveying systems are available and are used according to the various needs of different industries. There are chain conveyors (floor and overhead) as well. Chain conveyors consist of enclosed tracks, I-Beam, towline, power & free, and hand pushed trolleys. Industries where used Conveyor systems are used widespread across a range of industries due to the numerous benefits they provide. * Conveyors are able to safely tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radioisotopes
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess numbers of either neutrons or protons, giving it excess nuclear energy, and making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transferred to one of its electrons to release it as a conversion electron; or used to create and emit a new particle (alpha particle or beta particle) from the nucleus. During those processes, the radionuclide is said to undergo radioactive decay. These emissions are considered ionizing radiation because they are energetic enough to liberate an electron from another atom. The radioactive decay can produce a stable nuclide or will sometimes produce a new unstable radionuclide which may undergo further decay. Radioactive decay is a random process at the level of single atoms: it is impossible to predict when one particular atom will decay. However, for a collection of atoms of a single nucl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neutron Activation
Neutron activation is the process in which neutron radiation induces radioactivity in materials, and occurs when atomic nuclei capture free neutrons, becoming heavier and entering excited states. The excited nucleus decays immediately by emitting gamma rays, or particles such as beta particles, alpha particles, fission products, and neutrons (in nuclear fission). Thus, the process of neutron capture, even after any intermediate decay, often results in the formation of an unstable activation product. Such radioactive nuclei can exhibit half-lives ranging from small fractions of a second to many years. Neutron activation is the only common way that a stable material can be induced into becoming intrinsically radioactive. All naturally occurring materials, including air, water, and soil, can be induced (activated) by neutron capture into some amount of radioactivity in varying degrees, as a result of the production of neutron-rich radioisotopes. Some atoms require more th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irradiation
Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation. An irradiator is a device used to expose an object to radiation, most often gamma radiation, for a variety of purposes. Irradiators may be used for sterilizing medical and pharmaceutical supplies, preserving foodstuffs, alteration of gemstone colors, studying radiation effects, eradicating insects through sterile male release programs, or calibrating thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). The exposure can originate from various sources, including natural sources. Most frequently the term refers to ionizing radiation, and to a level of radiation that will serve a specific purpose, rather than radiation exposure to normal levels of background radiation. The term irradiation usually excludes the exposure to non-ionizing radiation, such as infrared, visible light, microwaves from cellular phones or electromagnetic waves emitted by radio and television receivers and power supplies. Applications Sterilization If ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Highly Enriched Uranium
Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 (written 235U) has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Naturally occurring uranium is composed of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (238U with 99.2732–99.2752% natural abundance), uranium-235 (235U, 0.7198–0.7210%), and uranium-234 (234U, 0.0049–0.0059%). 235U is the only nuclide existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons. Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons. Low-enriched uranium (20% 235U, typically >85%) is used for the cores of many nuclear weapons, as well as compact reactors for naval propulsion and research, as well as breeder reactors. There are about 2,000 tonnes of highly enriched uranium in the world. Enrichment methods were first developed on a large scale by the Manhattan Project. Its gaseous diffusion method was used in the 1940s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uranium-235
Uranium-235 ( or U-235) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium. Unlike the predominant isotope uranium-238, it is fissile, i.e., it can sustain a nuclear chain reaction. It is the only fissile isotope that exists in nature as a primordial nuclide. Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. It was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. Its fission cross section for slow thermal neutrons is about Barn (unit), barns. For fast neutrons it is on the order of 1 barn. Most neutron absorptions induce fission, though a minority (about 15%) result in the formation of uranium-236. Fission properties The fission of one atom of uranium-235 releases () inside the reactor. That corresponds to 19.54 TJ/mole (unit), mol, or 83.14 TJ/kg. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Materials Testing Reactor
A materials testing reactor (MTR) is a high-flux research nuclear reactor aimed at studying materials exposed to a high neutron flux. Examples Materials testing reactors include: * SCK_CEN#BR2, BR2, the Belgian Reactor 2, moderated with a paraboloid beryllium matrix, in operation at SCK CEN since 1962. * The Materials Testing Reactor (MTR), an early reactor that operated in Idaho from 1952-1970. * Dounreay Materials Testing Reactor, a Dido class reactor in the United Kingdom. * ETRR-2, at the nuclear research center in Inshas, Egypt. * Jules Horowitz Reactor, under construction at the Cadarache nuclear facility in southern France. * Petten nuclear reactor, Research reactor in Petten, the Netherlands. * Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) in Pakistan. * Reactor Technology Complex of the Idaho National Laboratory in Idaho, United States. * RV-1 nuclear reactor in Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Venezuela. * SAFARI-1, outside of Pretoria, Sou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argonaut Class Reactor
The Argonaut class reactor is a design of small nuclear research reactor. Many have been built throughout the world, over a wide range of power levels. Its functions are to teach nuclear reactor theory, nuclear physics and for use in engineering laboratory experiments. Description The original Argonaut (Argonne Nuclear Assembly for University Training) was built at Argonne National Laboratory and went critical for the first time on February 9, 1957. It was shut down in 1972. This reactor was rated for 10 kilowatts. See also * UF Training Reactor * More Hall Annex Citations References * * Further reading * {{YouTube, id=VCMhC5ZJR4k, title=Argonaut Nuclear Research and Training Reactor Argonaut class reactor, Argonne National Laboratory ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neutron Reflector
A neutron reflector is any material that reflects neutrons. This refers to elastic scattering rather than to a specular reflection. The material may be graphite, beryllium, steel, tungsten carbide, gold, or other materials. A neutron reflector can make an otherwise subcritical mass of fissile material critical, or increase the amount of nuclear fission that a critical or supercritical mass will undergo. Such an effect was exhibited twice in accidents involving the Demon Core, a subcritical plutonium pit that went critical in two separate fatal incidents when the pit's surface was momentarily surrounded by too much neutron reflective material. Nuclear reactors In a uranium graphite chain reacting pile, the critical size may be considerably reduced by surrounding the pile with a layer of graphite, since such an envelope reflects many neutrons back into the pile. To obtain a 30-year life span, the SSTAR nuclear reactor design calls for a moveable neutron reflector to be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
