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Russulaceae
The Russulaceae are a diverse family (biology), family of fungi in the order Russulales, with roughly 1,900 known species and a worldwide distribution. They comprise the Russula, brittlegills and the milk-caps, well-known mushroom-forming fungi that include some Edible fungi, edible species. These Lamella (mycology), gilled mushrooms are characterised by the brittle trama (mycology), flesh of their basidiocarp, fruitbodies. In addition to these typical agaricoid forms, the family contains species with fruitbodies that are laterally striped (Pleurotoid fungi, pleurotoid), closed (secotioid or Gasteroid fungi, gasteroid), or crust-like (Corticioid fungi, corticioid). Molecular phylogenetics has demonstrated close affinities between species with very different fruitbody types and has discovered new, distinct Lineage (evolution), lineages. An important group of root-symbiosis, symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi in forests and shrublands around the world includes ''Lactifluus'', ''Multi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactarius (fungus)
''Lactarius'' is a genus of mushroom-producing, ectomycorrhizal fungi, containing several edible species. The species of the genus, commonly known as milk-caps, are characterized by the milky fluid ("latex") they exude when cut or damaged. Like the closely related genus '' Russula'', their flesh has a distinctive brittle consistency. It is a large genus with over 500 known species, mainly distributed in the Northern hemisphere. Recently, the genus '' Lactifluus'' has been separated from ''Lactarius'' based on molecular phylogenetic evidence. Systematics and taxonomy The genus ''Lactarius'' was described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797 with '' L. piperatus'' as the original type species. In 2011, '' L. torminosus'' was accepted as the new type of the genus after the splitting-off of ''Lactifluus'' as separate genus. The name "''Lactarius''" is derived from the Latin '' lac'', "milk". Placement within Russulaceae Molecular phylogenetics uncovered that, while macromorphol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russula
''Russula'' is a very large genus composed of around 750 worldwide species of fungi. The genus was described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1796. The mushrooms are fairly large, and brightly colored – making them one of the most recognizable genera among mycologists and mushroom collectors. Their distinguishing characteristics include usually brightly coloured caps, a white to dark yellow spore print, brittle, attached gills, an absence of latex, and absence of partial veil or volva tissue on the stem. Microscopically, the genus is characterised by the amyloid ornamented spores and flesh (trama) composed of spherocysts. Members of the related genus ''Lactarius'' have similar characteristics but emit a milky latex when their gills are broken. The ectomycorrhizal mushrooms are typically common. Although some species are toxic, a number of others are edible. Taxonomy Christian Hendrik Persoon first circumscribed the genus ''Russula'' in his 1796 work ''Observationes Mycologi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arcangeliella
''Arcangeliella'' is a genus of gasteroid fungi in the family Russulaceae. Taxonomic and phylogenetic research has shown that it is very likely a synonym of ''Lactarius''. The type species ''Arcangeliella borziana'' was moved to ''Lactarius'' in 2003. However, the genus name is still in use for several species for which new combinations have not yet been proposed. The genus was circumscribed by Fridiano Cavara in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. ser.2, vol.7 on page 125 in 1900. The genus name of ''Arcangeliella'' is in honour of Giovanni Arcangeli (1840–1921), who was an Italian botanist from Florence. Species As accepted by Species Fungorum; * '' Arcangeliella ambigua'' * '' Arcangeliella beccarii'' * '' Arcangeliella borziana'' * '' Arcangeliella brunneola'' * '' Arcangeliella claridgei'' * '' Arcangeliella corkii'' * '' Arcangeliella curtisii'' * '' Arcangeliella daucina'' * '' Arcangeliella ellipsoidea'' * '' Arcangeliella laevis'' * '' Arcangeliella luteocarnea'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zelleromyces
''Zelleromyces'' is a genus of fungi in the family Russulaceae. It was first described by mycologists Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith in 1960 to contain hypogeous (underground) fungi with gasteroid fruit bodies that "bleed" latex when they are cut. The genus was circumscribed in Mem. Torrey Bot. Club vol.21 (3) on page 18 in 1960. The genus name of ''Zelleromyces'' is in honour of Sanford Myron Zeller (1885–1948), who was an American mycologist. Phylogenetic analyses show that ''Zelleromyces'' species fall into the genus ''Lactarius''. Nevertheless, the genus name is still in use and has not been formally synonymised with ''Lactarius'' yet. Species As accepted by Species Fungorum; Former species; (all are Russulaceae family) * ''Z. australiensis sensu'' = ''Zelleromyces glabrellus'' * ''Z. claridgei'' = '' Arcangeliella claridgei'' * ''Z. corkii'' = '' Arcangeliella corkii'' * ''Z. daucinus'' = ''Arcangeliella daucina'' * ''Z. dendriticus'' = ''Lactifluus dendrit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cystangium
''Cystangium'' is a genus of fungi in the family Russulaceae. The genus contains 32 species that are distributed in Australia and South America. ''Cystangium'' was described by American mycologists Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith in 1960. The taxon is phylogenetically part of ''Russula'' and thus probably a synonym. However, it has not been formally synonymised yet and continues to be used by taxonomists. Species *'' Cystangium balpineum'' *'' Cystangium bisporum'' *'' Cystangium capitis-orae'' *'' Cystangium clavatum'' *'' Cystangium depauperatum'' *'' Cystangium domingueziae'' *'' Cystangium echinosporum'' *''Cystangium flavovirens'' *'' Cystangium gamundiae'' *'' Cystangium grandihyphatum'' *'' Cystangium idahoensis'' *''Cystangium longisterigmatum'' *''Cystangium luteobrunneum'' *''Cystangium lymanensis'' *''Cystangium macrocystidium'' *''Cystangium maculatum'' *''Cystangium medlockii'' *''Cystangium megasporum'' *''Cystangium nothofagi'' *''Cystangium oregonense'' *''Cy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gastrolactarius
''Gastrolactarius'' is a genus of gasteroid fungi in the family Russulaceae . Although currently valid, this taxon is very likely a synonym of ''Lactarius ''Lactarius'' is a genus of mushroom-producing, ectomycorrhizal fungi, containing several Edible mushroom, edible species. The species of the genus, common name, commonly known as milk-caps, are characterized by the milky fluid ("latex") they ex ...''. Species References Russulales Russulales genera {{Russulales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudoxenasma
''Pseudoxenasma'' is a fungal genus in the family Russulaceae, described in 1976. The genus is monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unisp ... and contains the single species ''Pseudoxenasma verrucisporum'', found in Sweden. The original description reads: "Fruitbody resupinate, effused, thin, hymenium more or less ceraceous, generally smooth. Hyphal system monomitic with the individual hyphae indistinct. Always with sulphocystidia i.e. with positive reaction to sulphovanilline as in ''Gloeocystidiellum''. The cystidia are provided with globose apical appendices (schizopapilles according to Boidin and Lanquetin). Basidia clavate, in most cases pleurobasidiate, with four sterigmata. Spores verrucose, thickwalled, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose in side view and with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multifurca
''Multifurca'' is a rare genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the family Russulaceae. It was described in 2008, after molecular phylogenetic study had shown that it forms a monophyletic lineage within the family, sister to ''Lactarius''. The genus contains six species known from the United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, India, China, Thailand, Australia, and New Caledonia, but so far has not been reported from Europe, Africa, or South America. Four of those species were formerly classified as ''Russula'' section ''Ochricompactae'', and ''Multifurca furcata'' was originally described as a ''Lactarius'' species. ''Multifurca'' is morphologically intermediate between ''Lactarius'' and ''Russula'': Fruitbodies have adnate to subdecurrent gills and are zonate; latex (as in ''Lactarius'' and ''Lactifluus'') is present only in ''M. furcata''; spore print is orange; spores themselves are very small with only faint ornamentation. The widespread but only punctual records of ''Multifurca'' sugge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russula Emetica
''Russula emetica'', commonly known as the sickener, emetic russula, or vomiting russula, is a basidiomycete mushroom, and the type species of the genus ''Russula''. It was first described in 1774. It has a red, convex to flat pileus (mycology), cap up to in diameter, with a cap cuticle, cuticle that can be peeled off almost to the centre. The lamella (mycology), gills are white to pale cream, and closely spaced. A smooth white stipe (mycology), stem measures up to long and thick. There are many similar russulas with a red cap and white stem and gills, some of which can be reliably distinguished only by microscopy. The mushroom has a wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, where it grows on the ground in damp woodlands in a mycorrhizal association with conifers, especially pine. The mushroom's common names refer to the gastrointestinal distress which it causes when consumed raw. The trama (mycology), flesh is extremely peppery, but this offensive taste, along with its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gloeopeniophorella
''Gloeopeniophorella'' is a genus of crust-like, wood-decaying fungi in the family Russulaceae. It contains six known species. ''Gloeopeniophorella'' was first described by Brazilian mycologist Johannes Rick Johannes (João Evangelista) Rick (19 January 1869 – 1946) was an Austrian-born Brazilian priest and mycology, mycologist considered the "father of Brazilian mycology". He was the first to systematically document the fungal biodiversity, particul ... in 1934. Hjortstam & Ryvarden (2007) wrote on ''Gloeopeniophorella'': "The genus should be fairly easy to recognize with species having an almost smooth hymenophore, hyphae without clamp-connections, both metuloids and gloeocystidia, and spores that are both rugose and amyloid. We are of the opinion that the dextrinoid reaction of the metuloids in ''Dextrinocystidium'' is not an important character for generic separation." References Russulales Russulales genera Taxa named by Johannes Rick Taxa described in 1934 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boidinia
''Boidinia'' is a genus of crust fungi in the family Russulaceae. The genus is widely distributed, and contains 10 species. ''Boidinia'' was described in 1982 with the type species ''Boidinia furfuracea'' (formerly placed in '' Gloeocystidiellum''). It is named in honor of French mycologist Jacques Boidin. N. Maekawa (1994) wrote: "The genus ''Boidinia'' is a satellite genus of ''Gloeocystidiellum'' and differs from the latter in forming loose texture in subiculum and globose, echinulate to verrucose basidiospores." ''Boidinia'' is probably not monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ... and needs taxonomical redefinition. Species *'' B. aculeata'' *'' B. borbonica'' *'' B. cana'' *'' B. dendrophysata'' *'' B. donkii'' *'' B. furfuracea'' *'' B. granulata'' *'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Milk-cap
Milk-cap (also milk cap, milkcap, or milky) is a common name that refers to mushroom-forming fungi of the genera ''Lactarius'', '' Lactifluus'', and '' Multifurca'', all in the family Russulaceae. The common and eponymous feature of their fruitbodies is the latex ("milk") they exude when cut or bruised. Mushrooms with typical milk-cap characteristics are said to have a lactarioid habit. Some of them are edible. Historically, these species were all united in the genus ''Lactarius'', but molecular phylogenetic analysis has shown that they belong in fact to three distinct clades: * ''Lactarius'' holds most of the milk-caps known from the Northern hemisphere. * '' Lactifluus'' contains mainly tropical species, but also some well known northern milk-caps. * '' Multifurca'' contains only one species exuding milk, '' M. furcata'' from North and Central America. Some prominent species *''Lactarius deliciosus'' - "saffron milk-cap" or "red pine mushroom" *''Lactarius deterrimus'' - ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
