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Rod Donald
Rodney David Donald (10 October 1957 – 6 November 2005) was a New Zealand politician who co-led the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, along with Jeanette Fitzsimons. He lived in Christchurch with his partner Nicola Shirlaw, and their three daughters. Early political career Donald held Values Party membership from 1974 to 1979 and then Labour Party membership from 1982 to 1988. On becoming national spokesperson of the impartial Electoral Reform Coalition from 1989 to 1993 he had to resign his party membership. After the success of the MMP referendum at the 1993 election he joined the Green Party in February 1994. After he became co-leader of the Greens in 1995, voters first elected him to Parliament in the 1996 election as an Alliance list MP. The Green Party left the Alliance to stand alone in the 1999 election. He entered the 1999 parliament as number two on the Greens' party list. He retained his list seat in the 2002 and 2005 elections. Member of Parliament ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Co-leaders Of The Green Party Of Aotearoa New Zealand
The co-leaders of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand are the dual highest-ranking members of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, Green Party List of Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand MPs, caucus, chosen by the party membership to represent the party. The current co-leaders are Marama Davidson and Chlöe Swarbrick. The co-leaders are elected for one year terms at Green Party Annual general meeting, annual general meetings (AGMs) or at leadership elections held to fill vacancies at other times. Incumbent co-leaders are required to be confirmed in their roles, and to meet a 75% threshold of support in a vote amongst members, at each AGM. Confirmation is usually a formality, although Russel Norman and James Shaw (New Zealand politician), James Shaw have defeated a challenger in this way in 2013 and 2021 respectively. In 2022, Shaw was briefly removed from the co-leadership due to only garnering 70% of the vote in the first round of voting, but was later 2022 Green Party ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List MP
A list MP is a member of parliament (MP) elected from a party list rather than a geographic electoral district. The place in Parliament is due to the number of votes the party won, not to votes received by the MP personally. This occurs only in countries with an electoral system based wholly or partly on party-list proportional representation. Different systems In some countries, seats in a legislative chamber are filled solely in accordance with the share of votes won by each individual party. Thus, all Knesset (MKs) members in Israel are list members. Under this system, MKs are appointed from lists of candidates created by each party until the party has reached its allocated number. In other countries, a more complicated system is used. In the method used in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, some seats are filled using party lists, while others are filled by the "traditional" first-past-the-post (FPP) voting system. Under the mixed member proportional (MMP) system, the method use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Superannuation
A pension (; ) is a fund into which amounts are paid regularly during an individual's working career, and from which periodic payments are made to support the person's retirement from work. A pension may be either a "Defined benefit pension plan, defined benefit plan", where defined periodic payments are made in retirement and the sponsor of the scheme (e.g. the employer) must make further payments into the fund if necessary to support these defined retirement payments, or a "defined contribution plan", under which defined amounts are paid in during working life, and the retirement payments are whatever can be afforded from the fund. Pensions should not be confused with severance pay; the former is usually paid in regular amounts for life after retirement, while the latter is typically paid as a fixed amount after involuntary termination of employment before retirement. The terms "Retirement plans in the United States, retirement plan" and "Superannuation in Australia, superann ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Small Business
Small businesses are types of corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships which have a small number of employees and/or less annual revenue than a regular-sized business or corporation. Businesses are defined as "small" in terms of being able to apply for government support and qualify for preferential tax policy. The qualifications vary depending on the country and industry. Small businesses range from fifteen employees under the Australian ''Fair Work Australia, Fair Work Act 2009'', fifty employees according to the definition used by the European Union, and fewer than five hundred employees to qualify for many U.S. Small Business Administration programs. While small businesses can be classified according to other methods, such as annual revenues, shipments, sales, assets, annual gross, net revenue, net profits, the number of employees is one of the most widely used measures. Small businesses in many countries include service or retail operations such as convenience sto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regional Development
Regional development refers to a broad category of policies aimed at reducing regional disparities within an economy or across economies by devoting resources to underdeveloped areas. Regional development can be national or international in nature. Therefore, the implications and scope of regional development may vary according to the definition of a region and how the region and its boundaries are perceived internally and externally. In the past, regional development tended to center mostly on inward investment within national economies (OECD,2020). In recent decades, however, regional development has taken on an increasingly international character. For example, organizations such as the OECD, UN, and IMF have stepped up various forms of economic assistance to less developed regions. By country Canada * Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency * Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec * Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario * West ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land Information New Zealand
Land Information New Zealand (LINZ; ) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with geographical information and surveying functions as well as handling land titles, and managing Crown land and property. The minister responsible is the Minister for Land Information, and was formerly the Minister of Survey and Land Information. LINZ was established in 1996 following the restructure of the Department of Survey and Land Information (DOSLI), which was itself one of the successor organisations to the Department of Lands and Survey. The New Zealand Geographic Board secretariat is part of LINZ and provides the Board with administrative and research assistance and advice. The Minister for Land Information is Chris Penk. Gaye Searancke was appointed Chief Executive of Land Information New Zealand in August 2019. She succeeded Andrew Crisp, who had been in the post since 2016. Nature and scope of functions LINZ's purpose is to: *Maintain and build confidence in prop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral Reform
Electoral reform is a change in electoral systems that alters how public desires, usually expressed by cast votes, produce election results. Description Reforms can include changes to: * Voting systems, such as adoption of proportional representation, Single transferable voting,a two-round system (runoff voting), instant-runoff voting (alternative voting, ranked-choice voting, or preferential voting), Instant Round Robin Voting called Condorcet Voting, range voting, approval voting, citizen initiatives and referendums and recall elections. * Vote-counting procedures * Rules about political parties, typically changes to election laws * Eligibility to vote (including widening of the vote, enfranchisement and extension of suffrage to those of certain age, gender or race/ethnicity previously excluded) * How candidates and political parties are able to stand ( nomination rules) and how they are able to get their names onto ballots ( ballot access) * Electoral constituencies and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buy Kiwi Made
Buy NZ Made is a campaign promoting and encouraging people to buy New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ... made products. It is run by BusinessNZ, a business advocacy body made up of New Zealand employers and manufacturers. New Zealand manufacturers, retailers and government have been involved at times in promoting local buying since the "New Zealand Industries Week" of 1908,"Celebrating 100 years of Buy Kiwi Made" 2 April 2008, Maryan Street but the current campaign started in 1988 with Buy New Zealand Made ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Local Body
Local government is a generic term for the lowest tiers of governance or public administration within a particular sovereign state. Local governments typically constitute a subdivision of a higher-level political or administrative unit, such as a nation or state. Local governments generally act within the powers and functions assigned to them by law or directives of a higher level of government. In federal states, local government generally comprises a third or fourth level of government, whereas in unitary states, local government usually occupies the second or third level of government. The institutions of local government vary greatly between countries, and even where similar arrangements exist, country-specific terminology often varies. Common designated names for different types of local government entities include counties, districts, cities, townships, towns, boroughs, parishes, municipalities, municipal corporations, shires, villages, and local government areas. The sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Single Transferable Vote
The single transferable vote (STV) or proportional-ranked choice voting (P-RCV) is a multi-winner electoral system in which each voter casts a single vote in the form of a ranked ballot. Voters have the option to rank candidates, and their vote may be transferred according to alternative preferences if their preferred candidate is eliminated or elected with surplus votes, so that their vote is used to elect someone they prefer over others in the running. STV aims to approach proportional representation based on votes cast in the district where it is used, so that each vote is worth about the same as another. STV is a family of multi-winner proportional representation electoral systems. The proportionality of its results and the proportion of votes actually used to elect someone are equivalent to those produced by proportional representation election systems based on lists. STV systems can be thought of as a variation on the largest remainders method that uses candidate-based so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mixed-member Proportional Representation
Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP or MMPR) is a type of representation provided by some mixed electoral system, mixed electoral systems which combine local Winner-take-all system, winner-take-all elections with a Compensation (electoral systems), compensatory tier with Party-list proportional representation, party lists, in a way that produces proportional representation overall. Like proportional representation, MMP is not a single system, but a principle and goal of several similar systems. Some systems designed to achieve proportionality are still called mixed-member proportional, even if they generally fall short of full proportionality. In this case, they provide semi-proportional representation. In typical MMP systems, voters get two votes: one to decide the legislator, representative for their single-seat electoral district, constituency, and one for a political party, but some countries use Mixed single vote#Proportional systems, single vote variants. Seat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral Reform In New Zealand
Electoral reform in New Zealand has been a political issue in the past as major changes have been made to both parliamentary and local government electoral systems. A landmark reform was the mixed-member proportional (MMP) system, implemented in 1996 following a public referendum. National elections in New Zealand were first held in 1853 and were conducted over a period of two and a half months. At this time, the country was divided into 24 electorates, who elected one, two or three members () depending on their population. In the multiple-seat districts, multiple non-transferable vote (block voting) was used; in the single-seat districts the basic first-past-the-post (FPP) was used. This system continued for a long time, with major diversions being only a change to the second ballot system (a type of two-round system), used for the and and swiftly repealed in 1913. In the 1993 electoral reform referendum, New Zealanders voted to adopt the MMP system, a form of proportiona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
