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Reza Shah
Reza Shah Pahlavi born Reza Khan (15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941 and founder of the roughly 53 years old Pahlavi dynasty. Originally a military officer, he became a politician, serving as minister of war and Prime Minister of Iran, prime minister of Iran, and was elected shah following the deposition of the last monarch of the Qajar dynasty. Reza Shah's reign ended when he was forced to abdicate after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in 1941. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Mohammad Reza Shah. A moderniser, Reza Shah clashed with the Shia clergy and introduced social, economic, and political reforms during his reign, ultimately laying the foundations of the History of Iran#Late modern period, modern Iranian state. Therefore, he is regarded by many as the founder of modern Iran, until his ouster by the Islamic Revolution. At the age of 14, Reza Khan joined the Persian Cossack Brigade. He rose through the ranks, becoming a brigadier gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tadj Ol-Molouk
Tâdj ol-Molouk (; 17 March 1896 – 10 March 1982) was List of royal consorts of Iran, Queen of Iran as the second wife of Reza Shah, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty and Shah of Iran between 1925 and 1941. The title she was given after becoming queen means "Crown of the Kings" in the Persian language. She was the first queen in Iran after the Muslim conquest of Persia, Muslim conquest in the seventh century to have participated in public royal representation, and she played a major role in the ''kashf-e hijab'' (ban of the veil) in 1936. Biography She was the daughter of Brigadier General Teymūr Khan Ayromlou, of the Turkic Ayrums, Ayrum tribe, and wife Malek os-Soltan. Her marriage with Reza Khan took place in 1916. It was arranged and proved an advantage in the military career of Reza Khan at the time, due to the connections of her father, enabling him to advance in the Cossack hierarchy. Together, they had four children: Shams Pahlavi, Shams, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Mohammad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980) was the last List of monarchs of Iran, Shah of Iran, ruling from 1941 to 1979. He succeeded his father Reza Shah and ruled the Imperial State of Iran until he was overthrown by the Iranian Revolution, which abolished the Iranian monarchy to establish the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran. In 1967, he took the title (), and also held several others, including () and (). He was the second and last ruling monarch of the Pahlavi dynasty. His vision of the "Great Civilization" () led to his leadership over rapid industrial and military modernization, as well as economic and social reforms in Iran. During World War II, the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran forced the abdication of Reza Shah and succession of Mohammad Reza Shah. During his reign, the Anglo-Iranian Oil, British-owned oil industry was nationalized by the prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, who had support from Iran's national parliament to do so; however, Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ashraf Pahlavi
Ashraf ol-Molouk Pahlavi (, , 26 October 1919 – 7 January 2016) was the twin sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the late Shah of Iran (Persia), and a member of the Pahlavi dynasty. She was considered the "power behind her brother" and was instrumental in the 1953 coup that overthrew Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favour of strengthening the monarchical rule of the Shah. She served her brother as a palace adviser and was a strong advocate for women's rights. Following the Iranian revolution in 1979, she lived in exile in France, New York, Paris and Monte Carlo and remained outspoken against the Iranian Islamic Republic. Early life Ashraf Pahlavi was born in Tehran on 26 October 1919, five hours after her brother Mohammad Reza. Her parents were Reza Pahlavi, a military commander, who would become the Shah of Iran, and Tadj ol-Molouk, the second of his four wives. She had 10 siblings and half-siblings. In the early 1930s, Ashraf Pahlavi, her older sister Shams, and their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qajar Iran
The Guarded Domains of Iran, alternatively the Sublime State of Iran and commonly called Qajar Iran, Qajar Persia or the Qajar Empire, was the Iranian state under the rule of the Qajar dynasty, which was of Turkic peoples, Turkic origin,Cyrus Ghani. ''Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power'', I. B. Tauris, 2000, , p. 1William Bayne Fisher. ''Cambridge History of Iran'', Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 344, Dr Parviz Kambin, ''A History of the Iranian Plateau: Rise and Fall of an Empire'', Universe, 2011, p.36online edition specifically from the Qajar (tribe), Qajar tribe, from 1789 to 1925. The Qajar family played a pivotal role in the Unification of Iran (1779–1796), deposing Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last Shah of the Zand dynasty, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the Caucasus. In 1796, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar seized Mashhad with ease, putting an end to the Afsharid dynasty. He was formally crowned as Shah after his Batt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mazandaran
Mazandaran Province (; ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Sari, Iran, Sari. Located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and in the adjacent Central Alborz mountain range and Hyrcanian forests, it is bordered clockwise by Russia (across the sea), Golestan Province, Golestan, Semnan Province, Semnan, Tehran Province, Tehran, Alborz Province, Alborz, Qazvin Province, Qazvin, and Gilan Province, Gilan Provinces. Mazandaran, founded in 1937, covers an area of 23,842 km2. The province has diverse natural resources, notably large offshore reservoirs of oil and natural gas. The diverse natural habitats of the province include plains, prairies, forests and rainforest stretching from the sandy beaches of the Caspian Sea to the rugged and snowcapped Alborz sierra, including Mount Damavand, one of the highest Summit, peaks and volcanoes in Asia. Mazandaran is a major producer of Fish farming, farmed fish, [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Savadkuh
Savadkuh County () is in Mazandaran province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Pol-e Sefid. History Darius the Great, the Achaemenid Persian monarch, mentions Pâtišvâreš in the Behistun inscription as one of the territories under his rule. This Old Persian form subsequently became Middle Persian Pateŝxârgar and, following the Arab conquest, Perso-Arabic Faršavâdjar. The Greek historiographer Strabo records this name as Prâxovâtrâs. In his inscription at Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, the second Sassanid Persian monarch Shapur I, refers to the region as Pâdešxâr. In the '' Book of Deeds of Ardashir, Son of Babag'', it is Patešxâr again. Ibn Isfandiyar and Mir Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi – the old geographers of Mazandaran – give its name as Patešxârgar as a large area in present-day Mazandaran, including Azerbaijan, Gilan, Tabaristan, Kumesh and Damghan. Mohammad Hassan Khan (Etemad Saltaneh's ''Tadvin Fi Ahval Jebal Shervin'', ''History of Savadkuh'') mentions it a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alasht
Alasht () is a city in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran province, Iran. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 976 in 287 households. The following census in 2011 counted 874 people in 279 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 1,193 people in 436 households. Geography Location Alasht is isolated by surrounding mountains, which gives it a cooler climate than most regions of the province. Natural resources Alasht has a natural spring and is also noted for being one of the few cryotherapy spots of the province. In addition, caves in and around Alasht are rich with minerals, mostly anthracite coal reserves. Climate Due to its location, Alasht is fairly cool throughout the year. Winter in the village is particularly harsh, causing most of the inhabitants to move to warmer areas for the season. However, the rainfall in the village is similar to the rest of the province, with appr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Twelver Shi'ism
Twelver Shi'ism (), also known as Imamism () or Ithna Ashari, is the largest branch of Shi'a Islam, comprising about 90% of all Shi'a Muslims. The term ''Twelver'' refers to its adherents' belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imams, and their belief that the last Imam, Imam al-Mahdi, lives in occultation (''ghayba'') and will reappear as "the awaited Mahdi" (''al-Mahdi al-muntazar''). Twelver Shi'as believe that the Twelve Imams are divinely appointed as both spiritual and political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and that they possess special knowledge and authority to guide the Muslim community. According to Twelver theology, the Twelve Imams are exemplary human individuals who rule over the Muslim community (''Ummah'') with justice, and are able to preserve and interpret the Islamic law (Sharia) and the esoteric meaning of the Qur'an. The words and deeds ('' sunnah'') of Muhammad and the Imams are a guide and model for the Musl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
House Of Pahlavi
The Pahlavi dynasty () is an Iranian royal dynasty that was the last to rule Iran before the country's monarchy was abolished by the Iranian Revolution in 1979. It was founded in 1925 by Reza Shah Pahlavi, a non-aristocratic Iranian soldier of Mazanderani origin, who took on the name of the Pahlavi scripts of the Middle Persian language from the Sasanian Empire of pre-Islamic Iran. The dynasty largely espoused this form of Iranian nationalism rooted in the pre-Islamic era (notably based on the Achaemenid Empire) during its time in power, especially under its last king Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The dynasty replaced the Qajar dynasty in 1925 after the 1921 coup d'état, beginning on 14 January 1921 when 42-year-old soldier Reza Khan was promoted by British General Edmund Ironside to lead the British-run Persian Cossack Brigade. About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000–4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reached Tehran in what became known as t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamid Reza Pahlavi
Hamid Reza Pahlavi (; 4 July 1932 – 12 July 1992) was Reza Shah's eleventh and last born child, and a half-brother of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last shah of Iran. Early life and education Hamid Reza Pahlavi was born on 4 July 1932. He was the youngest son of Reza Shah and his fourth and favourite wife, Esmat Dowlatshahi. His parents married in 1923. His mother was a member of the Qajar dynasty. Of both his parents he had four siblings: Abdul Reza Pahlavi, Ahmad Reza Pahlavi, Mahmoud Reza Pahlavi and Fatemeh Pahlavi. They lived in the Marble Palace in Tehran with their parents. He studied in the United States and in Tehran. While attending high school in Washington, D.C., (the Honeywell Foundation) in September 1947, he skipped school to take a train to Hollywood, California, to visit his brother, Mahmoud, who was studying at UCLA. He stated that he did so because his high school did not have girl students and he was homesick. He had acted similarly three months previously, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fatemeh Pahlavi
Fatemeh Pahlavi (; 30 October 1928 – 27 May 1987) was an Iranian princess of the Pahlavi dynasty. She was the tenth child of Reza Shah and the half-sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Born in Tehran, she left Pahlavi Iran, Iran prior to the Iranian revolution, Islamic Revolution in 1979. Pahlavi died of cancer in London in 1987. Early life and education Fatemeh Pahlavi was born in Tehran on 30 October 1928. She was the tenth child of Reza Shah and the fourth of his fourth and last wife, Esmat Dowlatshahi. Her mother was from the Qajar dynasty and married Reza Shah in 1923. Fatemeh was the younger full-sister of Abdul Reza Pahlavi, Ahmad Reza Pahlavi and Mahmoud Reza Pahlavi and the older full-sister of Hamid Reza Pahlavi. Pahlavi attended Converse University, Converse College (now Converse University) in Spartanburg, South Carolina. She attended the College with her lady-in waiting, Kokab Moarefi, in the 1947–1948 school year, but did not return any following years or obtain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahmoud Reza Pahlavi
Mahmoud Reza Pahlavi (; 5 October 1926 – 15 March 2001) was a member of Iran's Pahlavi dynasty. He was a son of Reza Shah and a half-brother of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Biography Pahlavi was born on 5 October 1926 as the third child of Reza Shah and Esmat Dowlatshahi. He received primary education in Persia (Iran) and then went to Switzerland for secondary education. He enrolled in Tehran's military school but following his father's abdication in 1941 he moved with him to South Africa. After his father's death, he temporarily returned to Iran before moving to the United States to study business and industrial management at the University of California and University of Michigan. Upon his return to Iran, he married Mehrdokht Azam Zangeneh (daughter of Colonel Yadu’llah Khan Azam Zanganeh, sometime Air ADC to the Shah), in 1954 but the couple divorced after three years. In 1964, he married Maryam Eghbal, the 18-year-old daughter of Manouchehr Eghbal. This marriage also ended in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
