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René Louis De Voyer De Paulmy, Marquis Of Argenson
René-Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, marquis of Argenson (18 October 169426 January 1757) was a politician who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from November 1744 to January 1747 and was a friend of Voltaire. His younger brother, Marc-Pierre, Count of Argenson (1696–1764), was Minister of War from 1743 to 1757. Life René-Louis de Voyer de Paulmy was born 18 October 1694, eldest son of Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721) and Marguerite Le Fèvre de Caumartin (1672–1719). He had a younger brother, Marc-Pierre, Comte d'Argenson (1696–1764), who served as Minister of War from 1743 to 1747. His father was Lieutenant General of Police and Controller-General of Finances, one of the most important positions in the Ancien Régime. He was a member of the or Nobles of the robe, a class that formed the Second Estate whose rank derived from holding judicial or administrative posts. They were usually hard-working professionals, unlike the aristocratic or Nobl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secretary Of State For Foreign Affairs (France)
The Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs was one of the four or five specialized secretaries of state in the Kingdom of France during the ''Ancien Régime''. The Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs became the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1791. For a list of secretaries, see: Minister of Foreign Affairs. See also * Secretary of State (Ancien Régime) * Secretary of State for Protestant Affairs * Secretary of State for War (France) The Secretary of State for War (), later Secretary of State, Minister for War (), was one of the four or five specialized secretaries of state in France during the Ancien Régime. The position was responsible for the Army, for the Marshalcy and ... * Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi * Secretary of State of the Navy (France) Foreign {{France-hist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Controller-General Of Finances
The Controller-General or Comptroller-General of Finances () was the name of the minister in charge of finances in France from 1661 to 1791. It replaced the former position of Superintendent of Finances (''Surintendant des finances''), which was abolished with the downfall of Nicolas Fouquet. It did not hold any real political power until 1665, when First Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who had acted upon financial matters since Fouquet's embezzlement charge, was appointed to the office. History The term ''"contrôleur général"'' in reference to a position of royal accounting and financial oversight had existed in various forms prior to 1547, but the direct predecessor to the 17th century "Controller-General" was created in 1547, with two position-holders whose job was to verify the accounts of the Royal Treasurer (''Trésorier de l'Échiquier''), then the head of the royal financial system. The name of the charge of the controllers came from their account book, or ''contre-rôle' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Think Tank
A think tank, or public policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture. Most think tanks are non-governmental organizations, but some are semi-autonomous agencies within a government, and some are associated with particular political parties, businesses, or the military. Think tanks are often funded by individual donations, with many also accepting government grants. Think tanks publish articles and studies, and sometimes draft legislation on particular matters of policy or society. This information is then used by governments, businesses, media organizations, social movements, or other interest groups. Think tanks range from those associated with highly academic or scholarly activities to those that are overtly ideological and pushing for particular policies, with a wide range among them in terms of the quality of their research. Later gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Club De L'Entresol
The Club de l'Entresol (, "Mezzanine Club") was a discussion group and early think tank in Paris, active from 1723 to 1731, created and primarily led by Abbot Pierre-Joseph Alary. Name and background The club's name came from the fact that at its inception, Alary lived in the mezzanine () of the of Charles-Jean-François Hénault at 7 place Vendôme, also known as for its original builder in 1708. The club kept its name even as Alary moved to other apartments where the meetings were subsequently held, including when he lived at the Bibliotheque du roi, Royal Library. The adoption of the word ''club'' was suggested by Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, who was exiled in Paris and close to Alary in the early 1720s. It ostensibly echoed the English model of Club (organization), clubs for free discussion of political and economic questions, at a time of widespread Anglophile, Anglophilia in Paris under the Régence. In spite of its English-sounding name, the inspiration ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mississippi Bubble
John Law's Company, founded in 1717 by Scottish economist and financier John Law, was a joint-stock company that occupies a unique place in French and European monetary history, as it was for a brief moment granted the entire revenue-raising capacity of the French state. It also absorbed all previous French chartered colonial companies, even though under Law's leadership its overseas operations remained secondary to its domestic financial activity. In February 1720, the company acquired John Law's Bank, which had been France's first central bank. The experiment was short-lived, and after a stock market collapse of the company's shares in the second half of 1720, the company was placed under government receivership in April 1721. It emerged from that process in 1723 as the French Indies Company, focused on what had been the overseas operations of Law's Company. Name Law's Company was formally known, first, as the ''Compagnie d'Occident'' () from August 1717 to May 1719, then ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Law (economist)
John Law (pronounced in French in the traditional approximation of ''Laws'', the colloquial Scottish form of the name; 21 April 1671 – 21 March 1729) was a Scottish-French economist and financier. He rose to power in France where he created a novel financial scheme for French public finances known as Law's System () with two institutions at its core, John Law's Bank and John Law's Company (also known as the Mississippi company), ending in the devastating boom and bust "Mississippi Bubble" of 1720. Born in Scotland, Law was an accomplished gambler with an interest in the rules of probability. After killing a man in a duel and being sentenced to death, he fled to mainland Europe. He read economics and made the acquaintance of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who became regent for the juvenile Louis XV of France in 1715. In 1716 Philippe approved Law's plan to create a private bank which would take gold deposits in return for bank notes, loaning out the gold. It was structured as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maître Des Requêtes
A Master of Requests () is a counsel of the French ''Conseil d'État'' (Council of State), a high-level judicial officer of administrative law in France. The office has existed in one form or another since the Middle Ages. The occupational title derives from two words. In jurisprudence and administration, the French term ''maître'' is an honorific for a barrister (a lawyer who acts in proceedings before a court of law), and ''requêtes'' are "appeals" or "petitions". (The legal term ''une requête civile'' is "a petition to an appellate court against a judgment.") Ancien Régime France The Masters of Requests (Counsels of State), more fully ''maîtres des requêtes ordinaires de l'hôtel du Roi'', were originally, during the Middle Ages, judges of a council convened to examine petitions laid by commoners before the Royal Household (''hôtel du roi''). A number of traditions from this time survived until the 18th century, such as the King's accompaniment by two Masters ordinari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parlement
Under the French Ancien Régime, a ''parlement'' () was a provincial appellate court of the Kingdom of France. In 1789, France had 13 ''parlements'', the original and most important of which was the ''Parlement'' of Paris. Though both the modern French term ''parlement'' (for the legislature) and the English word "parliament" derive from this French term, the Ancien Régime parlements were not legislative bodies and the modern and ancient terminology are not interchangeable. History Parlements were judicial organizations consisting of a dozen or more appellate judges, or about 1,100 judges nationwide. They were the courts of final appeal of the judicial system, and typically wielded power over a wide range of subjects, particularly taxation. Laws and edicts issued by the Crown were not official in their respective jurisdictions until the parlements gave their assent by publishing them. The members of the parlements were aristocrats, called nobles of the robe, who had bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republic Of Venice
The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and Maritime republics, maritime republic with its capital in Venice. Founded, according to tradition, in 697 by Paolo Lucio Anafesto, over the course of its History of the Republic of Venice, 1,100 years of history it established itself as one of the major European commercial and naval powers. Initially extended in the ''Dogado'' area (a territory currently comparable to the Metropolitan City of Venice), during its history it annexed a large part of Northeast Italy, Istria, Dalmatia, the coasts of present-day Montenegro and Albania as well as numerous islands in the Adriatic Sea, Adriatic and eastern Ionian Sea, Ionian seas. At the height of its expansion, between the 13th and 16th centuries, it also governed Crete, Cyprus, the Peloponnese, a number of List of islands of Greece, Greek islands, as well as several cities and ports in the eastern Me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
René De Voyer De Paulmy D'Argenson
René de Voyer, seigneur d’Argenson (1596–1651) was a French diplomat. Biography René de Voyer was the grandson of René de Voyer, seigneur de Paulmy et de la Roche de Gennes, and Jeanne Gueffault, dame d'Argenson. His father, Pierre, was the head of the comtes d'Argenson branch of the family. He was born on 21 November 1596. René de Voyer was a lawyer by profession and held several significant positions throughout his career. He became successively ''avocat'', councillor at the parlement de Paris, ''maître des requêtes'', and councillor of state. Cardinal Richelieu entrusted him with various missions as inspector and intendant of the forces. In 1623, he was appointed intendant of justice, police, and finance in Auvergne, and in 1632, he held a similar office in Limousin, where he remained until 1637. After the death of Louis XIII in 1643, René de Voyer retained his administrative posts. He served as intendant of the forces at Toulon (1646), commissary of the king at the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marc-René De Voyer De Paulmy D'Argenson (1623–1700)
Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (13 December 1623 – 1 May 1700), was a French administrator and diplomat, who served as ambassador to Venetian Republic from 1651 to 1655. Although his career ended in 1655 for reasons that are unclear, his eldest son Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652-1721) became Lieutenant General of Police and Controller-General of Finances, while his grandsons included René Louis d'Argenson, Minister for Foreign Affairs 1744 to 1747, and Marc-Pierre, Comte d'Argenson, Minister of War 1743 to 1747. Biography Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson was born at Blois on 13 December 1623, eldest son of René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson and Hélène de La Font. His siblings included Louis (died 1694), Abbott of Beaulieu-en-Rouergue, Pierre, Vicomte de Mouzay, (ca 1625–1709) Governor of New France 1651 to 1655, Jacques (1628-1715), and Madeleine, who married Louis de Bernage, later head of the Grand Conseil. In 1650, he ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nobles Of The Sword
The Nobles of the Sword () were the noblemen of the oldest class of nobility in France dating from the Middle Ages and the early modern period, and arguably still in existence by descent. It was originally the knightly class whose members owed military service, usually to a king (to the King of France typically but in some cases to other monarchs such as the Plantagenet kings of England for example) in return for the possession of feudal landed estates in the king's realm. They played an important part during the French Revolution since their attempts to retain their old power monopoly caused the new nobility’s interests to align with the newly arising French bourgeoisie class, creating a powerful force for change in French society in the late 18th century. For the year 1789, Gordon Wright gives a figure of 80,000 nobles. Background The term ''noblesse d'épée'' is largely synonymous with ''noblesse de race'' ("nobility of family") and ''noblesse ancienne'' ("old nobility" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
