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Redingeria Pseudostromatica
''Redingeria'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. Established in 2006 and named after the Austrian botanist Karl Martin Redinger, the genus contains ten species that grow as corticolous lichen, bark-dwelling lichens in tropical forests worldwide. These lichens are distinguished by their script-like, elongated fruiting structures with thick black borders and are sensitive to forest disturbance (ecology), disturbance, serving as bioindicator, indicators of undisturbed woodland habitats. Taxonomy The genus ''Redingeria'' was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed in 2006 by Andreas Frisch, with ''Redingeria leiostoma'' assigned as the type species. The genus name honours Karl Martin Redinger (1907–1940), an Austrian botanist. Description ''Redingeria'' develops a smooth, pale grey to yellow-olive crust (thallus) seated directly on the bark and lacking a true . Its elongate, often slightly curved are 1–4 mm long, bordered by thick, charcoa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graphis (lichen)
''Graphis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. Historically, ''Graphis'' was used as a broad category for species with colourless, transversely septate ascospores within the Graphidaceae. However, with advances in genetic research, this classification has become more refined. As a result, species previously classified under '' Graphina'' have been re-assigned to ''Allographa'' or ''Graphis''. The species complex around '' Graphis scripta'' has also been recognised, leading to the identification of several new species, many of which may have been previously overlooked. Description Genus ''Graphis'' includes crustose lichens, which have a crust-like appearance that can range from being fully embedded in the substrate to sitting on the surface. The lichen's symbiotic partner, or , is green algae from the genus '' Trentepohlia''. The (fruiting bodies) of ''Graphis'' can also be immersed or superficial. These structures are typically elongated, resembli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalbographa
''Kalbographa'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. These lichens form thin, grey-white to pale yellow-olive crusts on tree bark and are distinguished by their striking bright orange to brick-red fruiting bodies that create sharp black slits against the surface. The genus has a pantropical distribution, growing on shaded tree trunks and large branches of mature trees in humid forests, where their brightly pigmented are believed to provide protection from sunlight and their presence serves as an indicator of intact, closed-canopy forest. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed in 2007 by the lichenologist Robert Lücking with '' Kalbographa caracasana'' assigned as the type species. The genus name honours the German lichenologist Klaus Kalb. Description ''Kalbographa'' forms a thin, grey-white to pale yellow-olive crust (thallus) that embeds directly in the bark and lacks a protective . Its fruit bodies are short to elongate whose walls are wholl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anomomorpha
''Anomomorpha'' is a genus of lichens in the family Graphidaceae. The genus, described in 1891, has a pantropical distribution. These lichens form pale grey to dull olive crusts on tree bark that often develop low wart-like bumps covered with powdery particles, and produce narrow, usually wavy slit-like fruiting bodies. They are found in tropical rainforests worldwide, growing on shaded to semi-exposed bark in primary or lightly disturbed evergreen forests, with some species being narrowly restricted to specific mountain cloud forests. Description ''Anomomorpha'' produces a pale grey- to dull olive crust (thallus) that lacks a protective and often develops low wart-like outgrowths covered with powdery . Its fruit bodies are narrow, usually sinuous whose lips may be faintly striate; the surrounding remains pale rather than . The hymenium is characteristically with oily droplets, and iodine staining tests turn it dark violet (I+). Each ascus releases eight minute, hyaline a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acanthothecis
''Acanthothecis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Frederick Edward Clements in 1909. These lichens form pale grey-brown to olive-green crusts on tree bark and are characterized by elongated, pencil-like slits containing spores, with distinctive tiny spines on internal filaments that help distinguish them from similar genera. The genus includes about 50 species found primarily in tropical and subtropical forests worldwide, where they grow on living tree bark and serve as indicators of relatively undisturbed woodland environments. Description ''Acanthothecis'' forms a pale grey-brown to olive-green crust (thallus) that may lack a skin () or bear a thin one, and often contains scattered crystals that give a slightly texture. Its fruit bodies are —elongated, pencil-like slits—ranging from immersed to sitting on the surface; their lips are usually well developed and can be smooth or faintly striate. The rim that e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemithecium
''Hemithecium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon in 1853. Species , Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxono ...) accepts 22 species of ''Hemithecium''. *'' Hemithecium alboglaucum'' *'' Hemithecium amboliense'' *'' Hemithecium andamanicum'' *'' Hemithecium argopholis'' *'' Hemithecium canlaonense'' *'' Hemithecium duomurisporum'' *'' Hemithecium endofuscum'' *'' Hemithecium flavoalbum'' *'' Hemithecium flexile'' *'' Hemithecium fulvescens'' *'' Hemithecium himalayanum'' *'' Hemithecium kodayarense'' *'' Hemithecium lamii'' *'' Hemithecium nagalandicum'' *'' Hemithecium nakanishianum'' *'' Hemithecium oshio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glyphis (lichen)
''Glyphis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. These lichens form pale grey-green to buff crusts on tree bark and are characterized by elongate, often branched fruiting bodies that appear as black script-like slits against the surface due to their deeply darkened margins and walls. The genus has a pantropical to warm-temperate distribution, growing on the shaded trunks and large branches of mature trees in forests from the Amazon rainforest to Asian evergreen forests, where their durable black markings serve as indicators of long-standing tree substrates. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by the Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1814. In his original description, Acharius characterized ''Glyphis'' by its crustaceous- receptacle that was flat-expanded and uniform, with a partial structure that was wart-like and formed from the lichen's own substance with proper colouration. He described the apothecia (fruiting bodies) as somewhat cartilag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Depsidone
Depsidones (+ " depside" + "one") are chemical compounds that are sometimes found as secondary metabolites in lichens. They are esters that are both depsides and cyclic ethers. An example is norstictic acid Norstictic acid is a depsidone produced as a secondary metabolites in lichens. The compound contains both an aldehyde carbonyl group and an adjacent hydroxyl In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical fo .... References {{reflist Biochemistry Carboxylate esters ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protocetraric Acid
Protocetraric acid is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . It is a secondary metabolite produced by a variety of lichens and is classified as a depsidone. History In 1845 Knop and Schnedermann isolated crystalline cetraric acid from the lichen '' Cetraria islandica''. O. Hesse proposed that cetraric acid does not exist in the lichen, but is rather the decomposition product of another acid that he called protocetraric acid, which is split up into fumaric and cetraric acids. In reviewing Hesse's work. O. Simon confirmed the statements of Knop and Schnedermann, finding cetraric acid in the plant in a free state. O. Simon did not find the protocetraric acid proposed by Hesse, but instead used that name for another acid he isolated. Protocetraric acid was first described in the 1930s. Rao and colleagues published the ultraviolet and infrared spectra of some lichen depsidones, including protocetraric acid, in 1967. Properties The molecular formula of protocetraric aci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norstictic Acid
Norstictic acid is a depsidone produced as a secondary metabolites in lichens. The compound contains both an aldehyde carbonyl group and an adjacent hydroxyl In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy ... group in its molecular structure, which enables it to form complexes with certain metals. This property was demonstrated in studies of lichens growing on copper-rich substrates, where norstictic acid forms complexes with copper ions in the (outer layer) of the lichen thallus, resulting in a distinctive green-yellow coloration. The formation of these copper-norstictic acid complexes appears to be selective, as evidenced by comparing it to the structurally similar stictic acid, which lacks the adjacent hydroxy group and does not form copper complexes. This metal-binding capabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stictic Acid
Stictic acid is an aromatic organic compound, a product of secondary metabolism in some species of lichens. Stictic acid is the subject of preliminary biomedical research. Stictic acid has cytotoxic and apoptotic effects ''in vitro ''In vitro'' (meaning ''in glass'', or ''in the glass'') Research, studies are performed with Cell (biology), cells or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in ...''. Computational studies suggest stictic acid may also stimulate p53 reactivation. References Phenolic acids Phenol ethers Oxygen heterocycles Lactones Lichen products Aromatic aldehydes Diols {{aromatic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secondary Metabolism
In biochemistry, secondary metabolism (also called specialized metabolism) is a term for pathways and small molecule products of metabolism that are involved in ecological interactions, but are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism. These molecules are sometimes produced by specialized cells, such as laticifers in plants. Secondary metabolites commonly mediate antagonistic interactions, such as competition and predation, as well as mutualistic ones such as pollination and resource mutualisms. Examples of secondary metabolites include antibiotics, pigments and scents. The opposite of secondary metabolites are primary metabolites, which are considered to be essential to the normal growth or development of an organism. Secondary metabolites are produced by many microbes, plants, fungi and animals, usually living in crowded habitats, where chemical defense represents a better option than physical escape. It is very hard to distinguish primary and secondary me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
