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Qur'anic Studies
Quranic studies is the academic study of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam. Like in biblical studies, the field uses and applies a diverse set of disciplines and methods, such as philology, textual criticism, lexicography, codicology, literary criticism, comparative religion, and historical criticism. The beginning of modern Quranic studies began among German scholars from the 19th century. Quranic studies has three primary goals. The first goal is to understand the original meaning, sources, history of revelation, and the history of the recording and transmission, of the Quran. The second is to trace how the Quran was received by people, including how it was understood and interpreted (exegesis), throughout the centuries. The third is a study and appreciation of the Quran as literature independently of the other two goals. Historical criticism Quranic studies employs the historical-critical method (HCM) as its primary methodological apparatus, which is the appr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birmingham Quran Manuscript Full
Birmingham ( ) is a City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of West Midlands (county), West Midlands, within the wider West Midlands (region), West Midlands region, in England. It is the List of English districts by population, largest local authority district in England by population and the second-largest city in Britain – commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom – with a population of million people in the city proper in . Birmingham borders the Black Country to its west and, together with the city of Wolverhampton and towns including Dudley and Solihull, forms the West Midlands conurbation. The royal town of Sutton Coldfield is incorporated within the city limits to the northeast. The urban area has a population of 2.65million. Located in the West Midlands (region), West Midlands region of England, Birmingham is considered to be the social, cultural, financial and commercial centre of the Midland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surah
A ''surah'' (; ; ) is an Arabic word meaning 'chapter' in the Quran. There are 114 ''suwar'' in the Quran, each divided into ayah, verses (). The ''suwar'' are of unequal length; the shortest ''surah'' (al-Kawthar) has only three verses, while the longest (al-Baqara, al-Baqarah) contains 286 verses.Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami (2003), ''The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments'', p.70. UK Islamic Academy. . The Qur'an consists of one short introductory chapter (Q1), eight very long chapters, making up one-third of the Qur'an (Al-Baqara, Q2‒At-Tawbah, 9); 19 mid-length chapters, making up another one-third (Q10‒28); and 86 short and very short ones of the last one-third (Q29‒114). Of the 114 ''suwar'' in the Quran, 86 are classified as Meccan surah, Meccan (), as according to Islamic tradition they were revealed before Muhammad's migration to Medina (''hijrah''), while 28 are Medinan surah, Medinan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Mu'awwidhatayn
Al-Mu'awwidhatayn (Arabic: المعوذتين), an Arabic expression meaning "The Two Protectors" or "The Two Protective Incantations", refers to the final two surahs (chapters) of the Quran: 113 (Al-Falaq) and 114 (Al-Nas). They are called by this name because of their use of the term ''ʿādhā'' (meaning "protection" or "refuge") in a phrase that occurs in both surahs: ʿ''qul aʿūdhu bi-rabbi al- ... min ...'' ("Say: I seek refuge with the Lord of ... from/against ... "). Likewise, the two surahs appear consecutively in the Qur'an, are both very short, and bear additional stylistic resemblances with one another, broadly functioning as incantations that appeal to God's protection from evils or ailments. Some in the Islamic tradition have claimed that the two surahs were also revealed at the same time to Muhammad. Some scholars have argued that the content and style of the Al-Mu'awwidhatayn is "wholly different" from the rest of that in the Quran. Relatedly, the placement of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Nas
Al-Nas or Mankind () is the 114th and last chapter (''sūrah'') of the Qur'an. It is a short six- verse invocation. The chapter takes its name from the word "people" or "mankind" (''al-nas''), which recurs throughout the chapter. This and the preceding chapter, Al-Falaq ("Daybreak"), are known Al-Mu'awwidhatayn ("the Refuges"): dealing with roughly the same theme, they form a natural pair. Regarding the timing and contextual background of the believed revelation (''asbāb al-nuzūl''), it is an earlier "Meccan surah", which indicates a revelation in Mecca rather than Medina. Early Muslims were persecuted in Mecca where Muhammed was not a leader, and not persecuted in Medina, where he was a protected leader. There is a Sunnah tradition of reading this chapter for the sick or before sleeping. Verses and translations Verse and translation In the Name of Allah—the Most Compassionate, Most Merciful. 1 Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “I seek refuge in the Lord of humankind, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Falaq
Al-Falaq or The Daybreak (, ''al-falaq'') is the 113th and penultimate chapter (''sūrah'') of the Qur'an. Alongside the 114th surah ( Al-Nas), it helps form the Al-Mu'awwidhatayn. Al-Falaq is a brief five ayat (verse) surah, asking God for protection from evil: : Say, "I seek refuge in the Lord of daybreak,Sahih International translation : From the evil of His creation : And from the evil of darkness when it settles : And from the evil of the blowers in knots : And from the evil of an envier when he envies." Context This surah and the 114th (and last) surah in the Qur'an, an-Nās, are collectively referred to as '' al-Mu'awwidhatayn'', "the Refuges", as both begin with "I seek refuge"; an-Nās tells to seek Allah for refuge from the evil from within, while al-Falaq tells to seek Allah for refuge from the evil from outside, so reading both of them would protect a person from his own mischief and the mischief of others. Regarding the timing and contextual backgro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surah Al-Fatihah
Al-Fatiha () is the first chapter () of the Quran. It consists of seven verses (') which consist of a prayer for guidance and mercy. Al-Fatiha is recited in Muslim obligatory and voluntary prayers, known as ''salah''. The primary literal meaning of the expression "Al-Fatiha" is "The Opener/The Key". Background The most commonly accepted view about the origins of the ''surah'' is the view of Ibn Abbas, among others, that Al-Fatiha is a Meccan ''surah'', although some believe that it is either a Medinan surah or was revealed in both Mecca and Medina. Most narrators recorded that al-Fātiḥah was the first complete Surah revealed to Muhammad. The name Al-Fatiha ("the Opener") could refer to the ''surah'' being the first in the Mus'hafs, the first to be recited in each ''rakat'' of ''salah'', or to the manner of its usage in many Islamic traditions as an opening prayer. The word itself comes from the root (ف ت ح), which means "to open, explain, disclose, conquer", etc. Al- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanaa Manuscript
The Sanaa palimpsest (also Ṣanʽā’ 1 or DAM 01-27.1) or Sanaa Quran is one of the oldest Quranic manuscripts in existence. Part of a sizable cache of Quranic and non-Quranic fragments discovered in Yemen Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in South Arabia, southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the north, Oman to Oman–Yemen border, the northeast, the south-eastern part ... during a 1972 restoration of the Great Mosque of Sanaa, the manuscript was identified as a palimpsest Quran in 1981 as it is written on parchment and comprises two layers of text. * The upper text entirely conforms to the standard Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud#Uthman's Compilation of Qur'an, Uthmanic Quran in text and in the standard order of surahs (chapters). * The lower text, which was erased and written over by the upper text, but can still be read with the help of ultraviolet light and computer processing, contains many variati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Of Ubayy Ibn Ka'b
The codex of Ubayy ibn Ka'b is a mushaf of the Quran that differs from the Uthmanic codex and is attributed to Ubayy ibn Ka'b, a companion of Muhammad. The codices of Ubayy and Uthman differ on point of several textual variants between the two, but more importantly, Ubayy's codex possesses a total of 116 surahs, whereas the codex of Uthman possesses 114. The surahs absent from the Uthmanic codex, but present in that of Ubayy, are Al-Khalʿ (Surah 115) and Al-Ḥafd (Surah 116). These continued to be seen as authoritative and Quranic by several scholars through the eighth century, and evidence for the transmission of the codex is available until the tenth or eleventh centuries. A copy of the codex of Ubayy is unavailable in any extant manuscript, although its historicity is accepted. Islamic scholars documented the text of Ubayy's two unique surahs in addition to the textual variants that distinguished the codex of Ubayy from that of Uthman. Historicity Early on, Theodor Noldeke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Of Ibn Mas'ud
The codex of Ibn Mas'ud is a purported mushaf of the Quran that differs from the established mushaf of Uthman and is attributed to Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud, a companion of Muhammed. This variant has not been definitively found in any existing early Quranic manuscript, but details about it are mentioned in literary references and historical accounts. Codex Mashhad is thought to be a combination of the canonized mushaf of Uthman with Ibn Mas'ud's arrangement. Historical accounts are inconsistent regarding the details of Ibn Mas'ud's version. However, the reports indicate that Ibn Mas'ud's mushaf arranges the chapters differently from the canonical version and excludes the first chapter, as well as the two chapters known as Al-Mu'awwidhatayn. It is also believed that Ibn Mas'ud had a special reading that is now forgotten. But there are those who say that Ibn Masoud did not have a specific interpretation, but rather a literal interpretation. He did not exclude Surah Al-Fatihah and Al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari
Abu Musa Abd Allah ibn Qays al-Ash'ari (), better known as Abu Musa al-Ash'ari () (died c. 662 or 672) was a companion of Muhammad and an important figure in early Islamic history. He was at various times governor of Basra and Kufa and was involved in the early Muslim conquest of Persia. Life Abu Musa came originally from Zabid, in the region of Yemen, where his tribe, the Asha'ir, lived in the pre-Islamic period. He accepted Islam at Mecca prior to the '' hijra'' and returned to his native Yemen to propagate the faith. He lived in Habasha for some time until following the conquest of Khaybar in 628, when he came to Muhammad in Medina with more than fifty converts from Yemen, including his two brothers Abu Ruhm and Abu Burdah. Following the conquest of Mecca in 629, Abu Musa was named among those sent by Muhammad on the expedition to Awtas. Two years later he was appointed as one of the governors over Yemen, where he remained until the caliphate of Abu Bakr, whom he joined in fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ubayy Ibn Ka'b
Ubayy ibn Ka'b (, ') (died 649), also known as Abu Mundhir, was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a person of high esteem in the early Muslim community. He was short, skinny, and gray haired. He is notable for the Quran codex he compiled. Biography Ubayy was born in Medina (then known as Yathrib), into the tribe of the Banu Khazraj. He was one of the first to accept Islam and pledge allegiance to Muhammad at al-Aqabah before the migration to Medina, becoming one of the Ansar. He joined the second pledge at al-Aqabah. Later, he participated in the battle of Badr and other following engagements. He acted as a scribe for Muhammad, writing letters for him. Ubayy was one of the few who compiled the surahs of the Quran to write his own codex that had 116 surahs (compared to the 114 of the Uthmanic codex). He believed that the Throne Verse as the greatest verse in Qu'ran when asked by the Prophet himself on an occasion. Ubayy enjoyed a special honor with regar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd Allah Ibn Mas'ud
Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud (; ) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad whom Sunni Islamic tradition regards the greatest interpreter of the Quran of his time and the second ever. He was also known by the ''kuniya'' Abu Abd al-Rahman.Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa’l-Muluk''. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). ''Volume 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors''. Albany: State University of New York Press. Early years Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud was born in Mecca in about 594Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'' vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr''. Loon:TaHa Publishers. a son of Mas'ud ibn Ghafil and Umm Abd bint Abd Wadd, both of whom were from the Hudhayl tribe, believed to be slaves,Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. ''Tarikh wa'l-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Humphreys, R. S. (1990) ''Volume 15: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate''. Albany: State University of New York Press. or otherwis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
