|
Quotas
Quota may refer to: Economics * Import quota, a restriction on the quantity of goods that can be imported into a country * Market Sharing Quota, an economic system used in Canadian agriculture * Milk quota, a quota on milk production in Europe * Individual fishing quota, a quota on allowable catch Politics *Electoral quota **:Electoral system quotas, Quotas in electoral systems **Quota rule, a requirement for systems of Apportionment (politics), apportionment **Largest remainders method, Largest remainder methods Demographic quotas * Quotaism, the concept of organizing society around a quota system * Racial quota, numerical requirements for hiring, promoting, admitting or graduating members of a particular racial group * Gender quota Music and entertainment * The Quota (Jimmy Heath album), ''The Quota'' (Jimmy Heath album) or the title song, 1961 * The Quota (Red Garland album), ''The Quota'' (Red Garland album), a 1973 song * Quota (EP), ''Quota'' (EP), by Eleventyseven ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gender Quota
A gender quota is a Quotaism, quota used by countries and parties to increase women's representation or substantive equality based on gender in legislatures. Women are largely Women in government, underrepresented in parliaments and account for a 26.9% average in parliaments globally. As of November 2021, gender quotas have been adopted in 132 countries. Around the world, quotas vary greatly in their enforcement and the stage of electoral process targeted, creating three main types of quotas: legislated candidate quotas, voluntary party quotas, and reserved seats. Regardless of their prevalence, they are a controversial measure, creating debates concerning their impacts, both negative and positive. Types of quota systems Developed by Drude Dahlerup, the definition of quotas contains two dimensions. The first examines what stage political recruitment process the quota targets. They can aim to increase the number of women who have considered running for office, the number of women ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Milk Quota
A milk quota or dairy produce quota was a historical measure used by the United Kingdom government to intervene in agriculture. Originally introduced to reflect the agricultural policies of the European Economic Community, the quota's purpose was to bring rising milk production under control. Milk quotas were attached to land holdings and represented a cap on the amount of milk that a farmer could sell every year without paying a levy. Milk quotas were assets and could be bought and sold or acquired or lost by other means and so there was a market for them. Milk quotas were withdrawn on 31 March 2015. History Milk quotas were first introduced in the United Kingdom on 2 April 1984 under the Dairy Produce Quotas Regulations 1984, which reflected the then European Economic Community (now the European Union's) Common Agricultural Policy. Originally, they were to run until 1989, but they were extended several times, and were not renewed for the period following 31 March 2015. Each ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Largest Remainders Method
Party-list proportional representation Apportionment methods The quota or divide-and-rank methods make up a category of apportionment rules, i.e. algorithms for allocating seats in a legislative body among multiple groups (e.g. parties or federal states). The quota methods begin by calculating an entitlement (basic number of seats) for each party, by dividing their vote totals by an electoral quota (a fixed number of votes needed to win a seat, as a unit). Then, leftover seats, if any are allocated by rounding up the apportionment for some parties. These rules are typically contrasted with the more popular highest averages methods (also called divisor methods). By far the most common quota method are the largest remainders or quota-shift methods, which assign any leftover seats to the "plurality" winners (the parties with the largest remainders, i.e. most leftover votes). When using the Hare quota, this rule is called Hamilton's method, and is the third-most common app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ticket Quota
Ticket quotas are commonly defined as any establishment of a predetermined or specified number of traffic citations an officer must issue in a specified time. Some police departments may set "productivity goals" but deny specific quotas. In many places, such as North Carolina, California, Texas, and Florida, traffic ticket quotas are specifically prohibited by law or illegal. United States One common way of preventing traffic ticket quotas includes statutorily regulating the distribution of ticket fine revenue, to prevent it going straight back to the law enforcement agency which issued the tickets; thus eliminating any direct monetary incentive to issue tickets. North Carolina North Carolina law, prohibits ticket quotas only for the State Highway Patrol. In 2002, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that a Division of Motor Vehicles quota system could be followed by officers "without breaking the law". Florida Florida law distributes traffic ticket fine monies by sm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Individual Fishing Quota
Individual fishing quotas (IFQs), also known as "individual transferable quotas" (ITQs), are one kind of '' catch share'', a means by which many governments regulate fishing. The regulator sets a species-specific total allowable catch (TAC), typically by weight and for a given time period. A dedicated portion of the TAC, called quota shares, is then allocated to individuals. Quotas can typically be bought, sold and leased, a feature called transferability. As of 2008, 148 major fisheries (generally, a single species in a single fishing ground) around the world had adopted some variant of this approach, along with approximately 100 smaller fisheries in individual countries. Approximately 10% of the marine harvest was managed by ITQs as of 2008. The first countries to adopt individual fishing quotas were the Netherlands, Iceland and Canada in the late 1970s, and the most recent is the United States Scallop General Category IFQ Program in 2010. The first country to adopt individual tran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Import Quota
An import quota is a type of trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time. An import embargo or import ban is essentially a zero-level import quota. Quotas, like other trade restrictions, are typically used to benefit the producers of a good in that economy (protectionism). Enforcement Import quotas are usually implemented by awarding licenses to companies or individuals according to a specific catalogue of criteria, either free of charge, for a fee, or in the form of an auction. Importers without licences are not allowed to import at all, or in certain cases, can import only for a very high tariff premium.See In the case of a quantity quota, imports are restricted directly for importers based on the imports of the previous year, for example by setting weights, quantities and dimensions, etc. Quota share The quota share is a specified number or percentage of the allotment as a whole quota, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
:Category:Electoral System Quotas
Quotas Quotas Quota may refer to: Economics * Import quota, a restriction on the quantity of goods that can be imported into a country * Market Sharing Quota, an economic system used in Canadian agriculture * Milk quota, a quota on milk production in Europe * ... Apportionment method criteria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racial Quota
Racial quotas in employment and education are numerical requirements or quotas for hiring, promoting, admitting and/or graduating members of a particular racial group. Racial quotas are often established as means of diminishing racial discrimination, addressing under-representation and evident racism against those racial groups or, the opposite, against the disadvantaged majority group (see '' numerus clausus'' or '' bhumiputra'' systems). Conversely, quotas have also been used historically to promote discrimination against minority groups by limiting access to influential institutions in employment and education. These quotas may be determined by governmental authority and backed by governmental sanctions. When the total number of jobs or enrollment slots is fixed, this proportion may get translated to a specific number. Regions and nations Ancient Mongolia The Mongols divided different races into a four-class system during the Yuan dynasty. The Mongol Emperor Kublai Kh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Market Sharing Quota
The Market Sharing Quota (MSQ), In Canadian agricultural policy, is the federally-determined target for the amount of industrial milk to produce nationwide each year as part of its policy of supply management. It is determined by estimating the domestic demand for dairy products on a butterfat basis, adding about 3% to cover exports and subtracting the volume of approved imports. Provincial shares of the national quota are adjusted in line with changes in the total, and each province allocates its share to its producers according to its own quota policies. The Canadian Dairy Commission sets a target price for industrial milk based on production costs, including a return to labour, capital and management. Dairy farmers receive a payment from their provincial marketing board on in-quota deliveries of industrial milk. Farmers who produce in excess of their quota do not receive payments and, in some provinces, may face a financial penalty. Each province maintains and administers i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quotaism
Quotaism is the concept of organizing society by a quota system, whether by racial, gender, language or another demographic attribute. Examples of quotas include gender quotas, racial quota, and Reservation in India, reservations. The basic premise is to have demographics represented at all levels and aspects of the civilization according to national statistics. A quota system is often part of any affirmative action policies, but in those cases it is mainly used as a "target", within a single entity. Quotaism applies to the whole country and is enforced by legislation on all public and private entities. Implementation Bangladesh * The Bangladesh Civil Service reserves 5% of its positions to the children of Bangladesh Liberation War veterans, 1% to the indigenous peoples in Bangladesh, and 1% to disabled people. There have been demonstrations by university students calling for a drastic reduction in these quotas, or their complete abolition. Brazil * Higher Education – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disk Quota
A disk quota is a limit set by a system administrator that restricts certain aspects of file system usage on modern operating systems. The function of using disk quotas is to allocate limited disk space in a reasonable way. Types of quotas There are two basic types of disk quotas. The first, known as a ''usage quota'' or ''block quota'', limits the amount of disk space that can be used. The second, known as a ''file quota'' or ''inode quota'', limits the number of files and directories that can be created. In addition, administrators usually define a warning level, or ''soft quota'', at which users are informed they are nearing their limit, that is less than the effective limit, or ''hard quota''. There may also be a small ''grace interval'', which allows users to temporarily violate their quotas by certain amounts if necessary. Quotas Disk quotas are typically implemented on a per-user or per-group basis. That is, a system administrator defines a usage or file quota specific t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apportionment (politics)
Apportionment is the process by which seats in a Legislature, legislative body are distributed among administrative divisions, such as states or parties, entitled to Representation (politics), representation. This page presents the general principles and issues related to apportionment. The apportionment by country page describes the specific practices used around the world. The Mathematics of apportionment page describes mathematical formulations and properties of apportionment rules. The simplest and most universal principle is that elections should One man, one vote, give each vote an equal weight. This is both intuitive and stated in laws such as the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (the Equal Protection Clause). One example of deliberate malapportionment is seen in bicameral legislatures: while one house, often called a house of commons or representatives, is based on proportional representation, the other is based on regional representation. This is mod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
