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Quadratic Mean Diameter
In forestry, quadratic mean diameter or QMD is a measure of central tendency which is considered more appropriate than arithmetic mean for characterizing the group of trees which have been measured. For ''n'' trees, QMD is calculated using the quadratic mean formula: \sqrt where is the diameter at breast height of the ''ith'' tree. Compared to the arithmetic mean, QMD assigns greater weight to larger trees – QMD is always greater than or equal to arithmetic mean for a given set of trees. QMD can be used in timber cruises to estimate the standing volume of timber in a forest, because it has the practical advantage of being directly related to basal area Basal area is the cross-sectional area of trees at breast height (1.3m or 4.5 ft above ground). It is a common way to describe stand density. In forest management, basal area usually refers to merchantable timber and is given on a per hectare ..., which in turn is directly related to volume. QMD can also be calculate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forestry
Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and Natural environment, environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural Stand level modelling, stands. The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. Forest management plays an essential role in the creation and modification of habitats and affects ecosystem services provisioning. Modern forestry generally embraces a broad range of concerns, in what is known as multiple-use management, including: the provision of timber, fuel wood, wildlife habitat, natural Water resources, water quality management, recreation, landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes, biodiversity management, watershed management, erosion control, and preserving forests as "Carbon dioxide sink, sinks" for Earth's atmosp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Tendency
In statistics, a central tendency (or measure of central tendency) is a central or typical value for a probability distribution.Weisberg H.F (1992) ''Central Tendency and Variability'', Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, p.2 Colloquially, measures of central tendency are often called '' averages.'' The term ''central tendency'' dates from the late 1920s. The most common measures of central tendency are the arithmetic mean, the median, and the mode. A middle tendency can be calculated for either a finite set of values or for a theoretical distribution, such as the normal distribution. Occasionally authors use central tendency to denote "the tendency of quantitative data to cluster around some central value."Upton, G.; Cook, I. (2008) ''Oxford Dictionary of Statistics'', OUP (entry for "central tendency")Dodge, Y. (2003) ''The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms'', OUP for International Statistical Institute. (entry for "cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arithmetic Mean
In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean ( ), arithmetic average, or just the ''mean'' or ''average'' is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection. The collection is often a set of results from an experiment, an observational study, or a Survey (statistics), survey. The term "arithmetic mean" is preferred in some contexts in mathematics and statistics because it helps to distinguish it from other types of means, such as geometric mean, geometric and harmonic mean, harmonic. Arithmetic means are also frequently used in economics, anthropology, history, and almost every other academic field to some extent. For example, per capita income is the arithmetic average of the income of a nation's Human population, population. While the arithmetic mean is often used to report central tendency, central tendencies, it is not a robust statistic: it is greatly influenced by outliers (Value (mathematics), values much larger or smaller than ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quadratic Mean
In mathematics, the root mean square (abbrev. RMS, or rms) of a set of values is the square root of the set's mean square. Given a set x_i, its RMS is denoted as either x_\mathrm or \mathrm_x. The RMS is also known as the quadratic mean (denoted M_2), a special case of the generalized mean. The RMS of a continuous function is denoted f_\mathrm and can be defined in terms of an integral of the square of the function. In estimation theory, the root-mean-square deviation of an estimator measures how far the estimator strays from the data. Definition The RMS value of a set of values (or a continuous-time waveform) is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the values, or the square of the function that defines the continuous waveform. In the case of a set of ''n'' values \, the RMS is : x_\text = \sqrt. The corresponding formula for a continuous function (or waveform) ''f''(''t'') defined over the interval T_1 \le t \le T_2 is : f_\text = \sqrt , and the RMS for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diameter At Breast Height
Diameter at breast height, or DBH, is a standard method of expressing the diameter of the trunk or bole of a standing tree. DBH is one of the most common dendrometric measurements. Tree trunks are measured at the height of an adult's breast, which is defined differently in different countries and situations. In many countries, DBH is measured at approximately above ground. Global variation and scientific precision The height can make a substantial difference to the measured diameter. In the United States, DBH is typically measured at above ground. In some countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, Burma, India, Malaysia, and South Africa, breast height diameter has historically been measured at a height of , but because of much active research into allometrics that are being applied to trees and forests, the convention of is more appropriate. Ornamental trees are usually measured at 1.5 metres above ground. Some authors have argued that the term DBH should be abolish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timber Cruise
Forest inventory is the systematic collection of data and forest information for assessment or analysis. An estimate of the value and possible uses of timber is an important part of the broader information required to sustain ecosystems. When taking forest inventory the following are important things to measure and note: species, diameter at breast height (DBH), height, site quality, age, and defects. From the data collected one can calculate the number of trees per acre, the basal area, the volume of trees in an area, and the value of the timber. Inventories can be done for other reasons than just calculating the value. A forest can be cruised to visually assess timber and determine potential fire hazards and the risk of fire. The results of this type of inventory can be used in preventive actions and also awareness. Wildlife surveys can be undertaken in conjunction with timber inventory to determine the number and type of wildlife within a forest. The aim of the statistical for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basal Area
Basal area is the cross-sectional area of trees at breast height (1.3m or 4.5 ft above ground). It is a common way to describe stand density. In forest management, basal area usually refers to merchantable timber and is given on a per hectare or per acre basis. If one cut down all the merchantable trees on an acre at off the ground and measured the square inches on the top of each stump (πr*r), added them all together and divided by square feet (144 sq inches per square foot), that would be the basal area on that acre. In forest ecology, basal area is used as a relatively easily-measured surrogate of total forest biomass and structural complexity, and change in basal area over time is an important indicator of forest recovery during succession . Estimation from diameter at breast height The basal area (BA) of a tree can be estimated from its diameter at breast height Diameter at breast height, or DBH, is a standard method of expressing the diameter of the trunk or bol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
