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Panthéon Club
, named_after = Panthéon , motto = , predecessor = Jacobin Club , merged = , formation = 6 November 1795 , dissolved = 27 February 1796 , merger = , type = Political Club , status = dissolved , purpose = Pressure the Directory to more radical positions , headquarters = Abbey of Saint Genevieve, Montagne Sainte-Geneviève , location_city = Paris , key_people = , main_organ = , affiliations = The Panthéon club was a French revolutionary political club founded in Paris the 6 November 1795. Its official name was Reunion of Friends of the Republic (''Réunion des Amis de la République''). It was composed of former terrorists and unconditional Jacobins coming from the ''petite bourgeoisie''.Membership was 50 French livres which excluded common people The club met on the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, in the former r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panthéon
The Panthéon (, from the Classical Greek word , , ' empleto all the gods') is a monument in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France. It stands in the Latin Quarter, atop the , in the centre of the , which was named after it. The edifice was built between 1758 and 1790, from designs by , at the behest of King Louis XV of France; the king intended it as a church dedicated to Saint Genevieve, Paris's patron saint, whose relics were to be housed in the church. Neither Soufflot nor Louis XV lived to see the church completed. By the time the construction was finished, the French Revolution had started; the National Constituent Assembly voted in 1791 to transform the Church of Saint Genevieve into a mausoleum for the remains of distinguished French citizens, modelled on the Pantheon in Rome which had been used in this way since the 16th century. The first was , although his remains were removed from the building a few years later. The Panthéon was twice restored to church usage i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Pierre-André Amar
Jean-Pierre-André Amar or Jean-Baptiste-André Amar (May 11, 1755 – December 21, 1816) was a French political figure of the Revolution and Freemason. Life Early activities Born in a rich family of cloth merchants in Grenoble, Amar was the son of the former Director of the Mint. He became a lawyer for the local '' parlement'' in 1774. In 1786, he purchased the title of '' Trésorier de France'' for the tax region of the Dauphiné, which gave him a title in the French nobility, for 200,000 ''livres''. In 1789, he was one of the founders of the Grenoble patriotic society, which in December of that year published the first edition of ''La Vedette des Alpes''. In 1790, Amar was elected vice-president of the Grenoble directory, and became a deputy to the National Convention for the ''département'' of Isère, and joined The Mountain, voting in favor of Louis XVI's execution during his trial. Prominence Sent on mission with Jean-Marie-François Merlino to Ain and Isère in ear ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Constitution Of 1793
The Constitution of 1793 (french: Acte constitutionnel du 24 juin 1793), also known as the Constitution of the Year I or the Montagnard Constitution, was the second constitution ratified for use during the French Revolution under the First Republic. Designed by the Montagnards, principally Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Saint-Just, it was intended to replace the constitutional monarchy of 1791 and the Girondin constitutional project. With sweeping plans for democratization and wealth redistribution, the new document promised a significant departure from the relatively moderate goals of the Revolution in previous years. However, the Constitution's radical provisions were never implemented. The government placed a moratorium upon it, ostensibly because of the need to employ emergency war powers during the French Revolutionary War. Those same emergency powers would permit the Committee of Public Safety to conduct the Reign of Terror, and when that period of violent political com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitution Of The Year III
The Constitution of the Year III (french: Constitution de l’an III) was the constitution of the French First Republic that established the Executive Directory. Adopted by the convention on 5 Fructidor Year III (22 August 1795) and approved by plebiscite on 6 September. Its preamble is the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man and of the Citizen of 1795. It remained in effect until the coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799) effectively ended the Revolutionary period and began the rise to power of Napoleon Bonaparte. It was more conservative than the not implemented, radically democratic French Constitution of 1793. Largely the work of political theorist Pierre Daunou, it established a bicameral legislature; an upper body known as the Council of Ancients, and a lower house, or Council of 500. This was intended to slow down the legislative process, in reaction to the wild swings of policy resulting from the unicameral National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, and Nation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revolutionary Tribunal
The Revolutionary Tribunal (french: Tribunal révolutionnaire; unofficially Popular Tribunal) was a court instituted by the National Convention during the French Revolution for the trial of political offenders. It eventually became one of the most powerful engines of the Reign of Terror. Judicial reforms Early 1791 ''freedom of defence'' became the standard; any citizen was allowed to defend another. From the beginning, the authorities were concerned about this experiment. Derasse suggests it was a "collective suicide" by the lawyers in the Assembly. In criminal cases, the expansion of the right ... gave priority to the spoken word. By December 1791 deputies voted themselves the power to select the judges, jury and ''accusateur public''. On 15 February 1792 the ''Tribunal Criminel'' was installed with Maximilien Robespierre as ''accusateur''. On 10 April Robespierre decided to give up his position and became an ordinary citizen who published a magazine. Along with other Jac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Augustin Alexandre Darthé
Augustin Alexandre Darthé (10 October 1769 – 27 May 1797) was a French revolutionary. Life Revolutionary Born in Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise, he became administrator of the ''département'' of Pas-de-Calais after the outbreak of the French Revolution, and, as an admirer of Maximilien Robespierre, became a public agitator. He escaped the death penalty after the Thermidorian Reaction, and befriended François-Noël Babeuf, being one of the main contributors to the conspiracy planned by the latter against the French Directory. The action ought to have reflected the ''Manifesto of Equals'', written by Sylvain Maréchal, aiming at taking the power by violence and forcing an egalitarian society, questioning the fact that democratic elections can be trusted to improve society. Arrest and trial On 10 May 1796 Babeuf was arrested with many of his associates, among whom was Darthé. The common trial was fixed to take place before the newly constituted High Court of Justice at Vendôm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François-Noël Babeuf
François-Noël Babeuf (; 23 November 1760 – 27 May 1797), also known as Gracchus Babeuf, was a French proto-communist, revolutionary, and journalist of the French Revolutionary period. His newspaper ''Le tribun du peuple'' (''The Tribune of the People'') was best known for its advocacy for the poor and calling for a popular revolt against the Directory, the government of France. He was a leading advocate for democracy and the abolition of private property. He angered the authorities who were clamping down hard on their radical enemies. In spite of the efforts of his Jacobin friends to save him, Babeuf was executed for his role in the Conspiracy of the Equals. The nickname "Gracchus" likened him to the Gracchi brothers, who served as tribunes of the people in ancient Rome. Although the terms '' anarchist'' and '' communist'' did not exist in Babeuf's lifetime, they have both been used by later scholars to describe his ideas. ''Communism'' was first used in English by Goo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philippe Buonarroti
:''See also Filippo Buonarroti (1661–1733).'' Filippo Giuseppe Maria Ludovico Buonarroti, more usually referred to under the French version Philippe Buonarroti (11 November 1761 – 16 September 1837), was an Italian utopian socialist, writer, agitator, freemason, and conspirator; he was active in Corsica, France, and Geneva. His '' History of Babeuf’s Conspiracy of Equals'' (1828) became a quintessential text for revolutionaries, inspiring such socialists as Blanqui and Marx. He proposed a mutualist strategy that would revolutionize society by stages, starting from monarchy to liberalism, then to radicalism, and finally to communism. Life Early activism Born in Pisa in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to a family of local nobility, Buonarroti studied jurisprudence at the University of Pisa, where he founded what was seen by the authorities of Grand Duke Peter Leopold as a subversive paper, the ''Gazetta Universale'' (1787). It is thought that he joined a Masonic Lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Lindet
Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet (2 May 1746 in Bernay, Eure – 17 February 1825) was a French politician of the Revolutionary period. His brother, Robert Thomas Lindet, became a constitutional bishop and member of the National Convention. Although his role may not have been spectacular, Jean-Baptiste Lindet came to be the embodiment of the growing middle class that came to dominate French politics during the Revolution. Early career Born at Bernay ( Eure), he worked in the town as a lawyer before the Revolution. He acted as '' procureur-syndic'' of the district of Bernay during the session of the National Constituent Assembly. Appointed deputy to the Legislative Assembly and subsequently to the Convention, he became well-known. Initially close to the Girondists, Lindet was very hostile to King Louis XVI, provided a ''Rapport sur les crimes imputés à Louis Capet'' (20 December 1792) – a report of the king's alleged crimes – and voted for the king's execution with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Nicolas Pache
Jean-Nicolas Pache (, 5 May 1746 – 18 November 1823) was a French politician, a Jacobin who served as Minister of War from October 1792 and Mayor of Paris from February 1793 to May 1794. Biography Pache was born in Verdun, but grew up in Paris, of Swiss parentage, the son of the concièrge of the hotel of Marshal de Castries. He became tutor to the marshal's children, and subsequently first secretary at the ministry of marine, head of supplies (''munitionnaire général des vivres''), and comptroller of the king's household. After spending several years in Switzerland with his family, he returned to France at the beginning of the Revolution. He was employed successively at the ministries of the interior and of war, and was appointed on 20 September 1793 third deputy suppliant of Paris by the Luxembourg section. Thus brought into notice, he was made minister of war on 3 October 1792 Pache was a Girondist himself, but aroused their hostility by his incompetence. He was support ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Restif De La Bretonne
Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne, born Nicolas-Edme Rétif or Nicolas-Edme Restif (; 23 October 1734 – 3 February 1806), also known as Rétif, was a French novelist. The term '' retifism'' for shoe fetishism was named after him (an early novel, entitled ''Fanchette's Foot'', follows a beautiful heroine and her pretty little foot, which, with her pretty face, gets her and her shoe/s into lots of trouble). The man was also reputed to have coined the term "pornographer" in the same-named book, ''The Pornographer.'' Biography Born the son of a farmer at Sacy (in present-day Yonne), Rétif was educated by the Jansenists at Bicêtre, and on the expulsion of the Jansenists was received by one of his brothers, who was a ''curé''. Owing to a scandal in which he was involved, he was apprenticed to a printer at Auxerre, and, having served his time, went to Paris. Here he worked as a journeyman printer, and in 1760 he married Anne or Agnès Lebègue, a relation of his former master at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sylvain Maréchal
Sylvain Maréchal (15 August 1750 – 18 January 1803) was a French essayist, poet, philosopher and political theorist, whose views presaged utopian socialism and communism. His views on a future golden age are occasionally described as ''utopian anarchism''. He was editor of the newspaper . Early life Born in Paris as the son of a wine merchant, he studied jurisprudence and became a lawyer in the capital. At the age of 20, he published , a collection of idylls, successful enough to ensure his employment at the Collège Mazirin as an aide-librarian. Maréchal was an admirer of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, Claude Adrien Helvétius, and Denis Diderot, and associated with deist and atheist authors. Vision He developed his own views of an agrarian socialism where all goods would be shared. In ("Fragments of a Moral Poem on God"), he aimed to replace elements of practiced religion with a cult of Virtue and faith with Reason (''see Cult of Reason''). His critique of bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
