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Pyrenophora Teres
''Pyrenophora teres'' is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen of some plant species, the most significant of which are economically important agricultural crops such as barley. Toxins include aspergillomarasmine A and related compounds. Host & symptoms ''Pyrenophora teres'' is a plant pathogen that causes net blotch on barley (''Hordeum vulgare)''. It is a disease that is distributed worldwide, and can be found in all regions where barley is grown. Two economically significant forms of the pathogen exist, '' P. teres f. teres'' and '' P. teres f. maculata'', which give rise to net form of net blotch and spot form of net blotch, respectively. The distinction comes not from morphology, which is essentially the same in each, but rather by the differing manifestation of symptoms upon the infection of a host. Both forms induce chlorosis and necrosis, but the presentation of these symptoms, especially the shape and spread of necrotic lesions, is how they are distinguished. The symptoms of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Necrotrophic
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae, and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''true fungi'' or ''Eumycete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungus
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the kingdom (biology)#Six kingdoms (1998), traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae, and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of motility, mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a Germ theory of disease, germ. The term ''pathogen'' came into use in the 1880s. Typically, the term ''pathogen'' is used to describe an ''infectious'' microorganism or agent, such as a virus, bacterium, protozoan, prion, viroid, or fungus. Small animals, such as helminths and insects, can also cause or Transmission (medicine), transmit disease. However, these animals are usually referred to as parasites rather than pathogens. The scientific study of microscopic organisms, including microscopic pathogenic organisms, is called microbiology, while parasitology refers to the scientific study of parasites and the organisms that host them. There are several pathways through which pathogens can invade a host. The principal pathways have different episodic time ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plant
Plants are the eukaryotes that form the Kingdom (biology), kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly Photosynthesis, photosynthetic. This means that they obtain their energy from sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water, using the green pigment chlorophyll. Exceptions are parasitic plants that have lost the genes for chlorophyll and photosynthesis, and obtain their energy from other plants or fungi. Most plants are multicellular organism, multicellular, except for some green algae. Historically, as in Aristotle's biology, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi. Definitions have narrowed since then; current definitions exclude fungi and some of the algae. By the definition used in this article, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (green plants), which consists of the green algae and the embryophytes or land plants (hornworts, liverworts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barley
Barley (), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains; it was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent around 9000 BC, giving it nonshattering spikelets and making it much easier to harvest. Its use then spread throughout Eurasia by 2000 BC. Barley prefers relatively low temperatures and well-drained soil to grow. It is relatively tolerant of drought and soil salinity, but is less winter-hardy than wheat or rye. In 2023, barley was fourth among grains in quantity produced, 146 million tonnes, behind maize, rice, and wheat. Globally, 70% of barley production is used as animal feed, while 30% is used as a source of fermentable material for beer, or further distilled into whisky, and as a component of various foods. It is used in soups and stews and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt using a traditional and ancient method of preparatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aspergillomarasmine A
Aspergillomarasmine A is an polyamino acid naturally produced by the mold '' Aspergillus versicolor''. The substance has been reported to inhibit two antibiotic resistance carbapenemase proteins in bacteria, New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) and Verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase ( VIM-2), and make those antibiotic-resistant bacteria susceptible to antibiotics. Aspergillomarasmine A is toxic to leaves of barley and other plants, being termed as "Toxin C" when produced by ''Pyrenophora teres''. The molecule is a tetracarboxylic acid with four -COOH groups. One section of the molecule is the amino acid aspartic acid. This has two alanine molecules attached by substituting a hydrogen on the methyl group with a link to the amine group. Aspergillomarasmine B differs in that the last alanine is replaced by glycine. The crystalline substance was first isolated in 1956, but its name was given until 1965. In addition to ''Aspergillus versicolor'', aspergillomarasmin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrenophora Teres F
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and '' Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''. ''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechslera teres'') makes up to 3 conidia per conidiophore. It infects plants with an appressorium. It grows bio-trophically in the first infected plant cell, but then switches to a necrotrophic growth mode. During necrotrophic growth, the fungus can only be found in the plant apoplast but not within plant cells. Species As accepted by Species Fungorum (which has a list over 50 former species); *'' Pyrenophora allosuri'' *'' Pyrenophora ampla'' *'' Pyrenophora astragalorum'' *'' Pyrenophora avenae'' *'' Pyrenophora avenicola'' *'' Pyrenophora bartramiae'' *'' Pyrenophora biseptata'' *'' Pyrenophora bondarzewii'' *'' Pyrenophora brizae'' *'' Pyrenophora bromi'' *'' Pyrenophora bryophila'' *'' Pyrenophora buddlejae'' *'' Pyrenophora b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyraclostrobin
Pyraclostrobin is a quinone outside inhibitor ( QI)-type fungicide used in agriculture. Among the QIs, it lies within the strobilurin chemical class. Use Pyraclostrobin is used to protect ''Fragaria'', ''Rubus idaeus'', ''Vaccinium corymbosum'', ''Ribes rubrum'', '' Ribes uva-crispa'', blackberry (various ''Rubus'' spp.), and '' Pistachio vera''. Target pathogens Pyraclostrobin is used against ''Botrytis cinerea'' and ''Alternaria alternata''. Resistance Resistant populations have been identified in: *''Botrytis cinerea'' on ''Fragaria'' in the Carolinas, conferred by the G143A mutation in the partial cytochrome b (CYTB) gene. *''Botrytis cinerea'' on ''Fragaria'', ''Rubus idaeus'', ''Vaccinium corymbosum'', ''Ribes rubrum'', '' Ribes uva-crispa'', and blackberry (various ''Rubus'' spp.) in Northern Germany. *''Botrytis cinerea'' on ''Fragaria'' in Florida. *''Alternaria alternata'' on '' Pistachio vera'' in California. Geography of use United States Pyraclostrobin was widely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reactive Oxygen Species
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly Reactivity (chemistry), reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen (), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Some prominent ROS are hydroperoxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2−), hydroxyl radical (OH.), and singlet oxygen(1O2). ROS are pervasive because they are readily produced from O2, which is abundant. ROS are important in many ways, both beneficial and otherwise. ROS function as signals, that turn on and off biological functions. They are intermediates in the redox behavior of O2, which is central to fuel cells. ROS are central to the photodegradation of organic pollutants in the atmosphere. Most often however, ROS are discussed in a biological context, ranging from their effects on aging and their role in causing dangerous genetic mutations. Inventory of ROS ROS are not uniformly defined. All sources include superoxide, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radical. Hydrogen peroxide is not nearly as reactive as these s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ROS Scavengers
Ros or ROS or RoS may refer to: Organizations * Raggruppamento Operativo Speciale, the Anti-organized Crime Branch of the Italian Carabinieri * Registers of Scotland, a Scottish authority responsible for compiling and maintaining records * Reparti i Operacioneve Speciale, a former Albanian special forces unit * IL ROS, Norwegian football team People and titles *Scottish Gaelic spelling of the name Ross * Baron de Ros Surname * Ana Ros Camacho, Spanish mathematician * Arno Ros (born 1942), German philosopher * Carmen Ros Nortes (born 1953), Catholic nun and Vatican official * Edmundo Ros (1910–2011), Trinidadian-British musician * Enrique Ros (1924–2013), Cuban-American businessman and activist * Fran Roš (1898–1976), Slovene writer * Giuseppe Ros (1942–2022), Italian boxer * Iñigo Ros (born 1982), Spanish footballer * Isidro Ros Ríos (born 1995), Spanish footballer * Jaime Ros, (born 1952), Spanish alpine skier * Javier Ros (born 1990), Spanish footballer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrenophora
The fungal genus ''Pyrenophora'' includes 108 species, including the following plant pathogenic species: ''Pyrenophora teres'', ''Pyrenophora graminea'' and '' Pyrenophora tritici-repentis''. ''Pyrenophora teres'' (has the teleomorph, ''Drechslera teres'') makes up to 3 conidia per conidiophore. It infects plants with an appressorium. It grows bio-trophically in the first infected plant cell, but then switches to a necrotrophic growth mode. During necrotrophic growth, the fungus can only be found in the plant apoplast but not within plant cells. Species As accepted by Species Fungorum (which has a list over 50 former species); *'' Pyrenophora allosuri'' *'' Pyrenophora ampla'' *'' Pyrenophora astragalorum'' *'' Pyrenophora avenae'' *'' Pyrenophora avenicola'' *'' Pyrenophora bartramiae'' *'' Pyrenophora biseptata'' *'' Pyrenophora bondarzewii'' *'' Pyrenophora brizae'' *'' Pyrenophora bromi'' *'' Pyrenophora bryophila'' *'' Pyrenophora buddlejae'' *'' Pyrenophora b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasitic Fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae, and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''true fungi'' or ''Eumycete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
