|
Propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic Acid
Propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, also known as tricarballylic acid, carballylic acid, and β-carboxyglutaric acid, is a tricarboxylic acid. The compound is an inhibitor of the enzyme aconitase and therefore interferes with the Krebs cycle. Esters of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid are found in natural products such as the mycotoxins fumonisins B1 and B2 and AAL toxin TA, and in macrocyclic inhibitors of Ras farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase) such as actinoplanic acid. Propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid can be synthesized in two steps from fumaric acid. Mechanism of the inhibition of aconitase Image:Citrate wpmp.png, Image:Aconitic acid.svg, Image:isocitric acid.svg, {{center, Isocitric acid Aconitase normally catalyses, via the intermediate aconitic acid, the interconversion of citric acid into isocitric acid Isocitric acid is a structural isomer of citric acid. Since citric acid and isocitric acid are structural isomers, they share similar physical and chemical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citric Acid
Citric acid is an organic compound with the formula . It is a Transparency and translucency, colorless Weak acid, weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in Citrus, citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms. More than two million tons of citric acid Commodity chemicals, are manufactured every year. It is used widely as acidifier, flavoring, preservative, and chelating agent. A citrate is a derivative of citric acid; that is, the salt (chemistry), salts, esters, and the polyatomic ion, polyatomic anion found in solutions and salts of citric acid. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate; an ester is triethyl citrate. When citrate anion, trianion is part of a salt, the formula of the citrate trianion is written as or . Natural occurrence and industrial production Citric acid occurs in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably Citrus, citrus fruits. Lemons and Lime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isocitric Acid
Isocitric acid is a structural isomer of citric acid. Since citric acid and isocitric acid are structural isomers, they share similar physical and chemical properties. Due to these similar properties, it is difficult to separate the isomers. Salts and esters of isocitric acid are known as isocitrates. The isocitrate anion is a substrate of the citric acid cycle. Isocitrate is formed from citrate with the help of the enzyme aconitase, and is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase. Isocitric acid is commonly used as a marker to detect the authenticity and quality of fruit products, most often citrus juices. In authentic orange juice, for example, the ratio of citric acid to D-isocitric acid is usually less than 130. An isocitric acid value higher than this may be indicative of fruit juice adulteration. Isocitric acid has largely been used as a biochemical agent due to limited amounts. However, isocitric acid has been shown to have pharmaceutical and therapeutic effects. Isocitr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aconitic Acid
Aconitic acid refers to organic compounds with the formula . A white solid, it is classified as a tricarboxylic acid. The two isomers are ''cis''-aconitic acid and ''trans''-aconitic acid. The conjugate base of ''cis''-aconitic acid, ''cis''-aconitate is an intermediate in the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate in the citric acid cycle. It is acted upon by the enzyme aconitase. Aconitic acid can be synthesized by dehydration of citric acid using sulfuric acid: :(HO2CCH2)2C(OH)CO2H → HO2CCH=C(CO2H)CH2CO2H + H2O A mixture of isomers is generated in this way. Aconitic acid was originally isolated from ''Aconitum napellus'' by Swiss chemist and apothecary Jacques Peschier in 1820. It was first prepared by thermal dehydration. Like the conjugate bases of other polycarboxylic acid, acotinic acid forms a variety of coordination complexes. One example is the coordination polymer Coordination may refer to: * Coordination (linguistics), a compound grammatical construction * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isocitric Acid
Isocitric acid is a structural isomer of citric acid. Since citric acid and isocitric acid are structural isomers, they share similar physical and chemical properties. Due to these similar properties, it is difficult to separate the isomers. Salts and esters of isocitric acid are known as isocitrates. The isocitrate anion is a substrate of the citric acid cycle. Isocitrate is formed from citrate with the help of the enzyme aconitase, and is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase. Isocitric acid is commonly used as a marker to detect the authenticity and quality of fruit products, most often citrus juices. In authentic orange juice, for example, the ratio of citric acid to D-isocitric acid is usually less than 130. An isocitric acid value higher than this may be indicative of fruit juice adulteration. Isocitric acid has largely been used as a biochemical agent due to limited amounts. However, isocitric acid has been shown to have pharmaceutical and therapeutic effects. Isocitr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aconitic Acid
Aconitic acid refers to organic compounds with the formula . A white solid, it is classified as a tricarboxylic acid. The two isomers are ''cis''-aconitic acid and ''trans''-aconitic acid. The conjugate base of ''cis''-aconitic acid, ''cis''-aconitate is an intermediate in the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate in the citric acid cycle. It is acted upon by the enzyme aconitase. Aconitic acid can be synthesized by dehydration of citric acid using sulfuric acid: :(HO2CCH2)2C(OH)CO2H → HO2CCH=C(CO2H)CH2CO2H + H2O A mixture of isomers is generated in this way. Aconitic acid was originally isolated from ''Aconitum napellus'' by Swiss chemist and apothecary Jacques Peschier in 1820. It was first prepared by thermal dehydration. Like the conjugate bases of other polycarboxylic acid, acotinic acid forms a variety of coordination complexes. One example is the coordination polymer Coordination may refer to: * Coordination (linguistics), a compound grammatical construction * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citric Acid
Citric acid is an organic compound with the formula . It is a Transparency and translucency, colorless Weak acid, weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in Citrus, citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms. More than two million tons of citric acid Commodity chemicals, are manufactured every year. It is used widely as acidifier, flavoring, preservative, and chelating agent. A citrate is a derivative of citric acid; that is, the salt (chemistry), salts, esters, and the polyatomic ion, polyatomic anion found in solutions and salts of citric acid. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate; an ester is triethyl citrate. When citrate anion, trianion is part of a salt, the formula of the citrate trianion is written as or . Natural occurrence and industrial production Citric acid occurs in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably Citrus, citrus fruits. Lemons and Lime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fumaric Acid
Fumaric acid or ''trans''-butenedioic acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H. A white solid, fumaric acid occurs widely in nature. It has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive. Its E number is E297. The salts and esters are known as fumarates. Fumarate can also refer to the ion (in solution). Fumaric acid is the ''trans'' isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the ''cis'' isomer. Biosynthesis and occurrence It is produced in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. Fumaric acid is found in fumitory (''Fumaria officinalis''), bolete mushrooms (specifically ''Boletus fomentarius var. pseudo-igniarius''), lichen, and Iceland moss. Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food. It is formed by the oxidation of succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AAL Toxin TA
AAL or Aal may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Aal'' (film), a 2014 Tamil thriller * Against All Logic, pseudonym of musician Nicolas Jaar (born 1990) * Animals as Leaders, a progressive metal band (formed 2007) * Arjen Anthony Lucassen (born 1960), Dutch musician * Johannes Aal (1553), Swiss Roman Catholic composer and dramaturg Aviation * AAL, Above Aerodrome Level, sometimes referred to as AAE - Above Aerodrome Elevation * AAL, ICAO airline designator for American Airlines * Adelaide Airport Limited, owners of the Adelaide Airport * Australian Air League, Australian Air Cadet Organisation * IATA airport code for Aalborg Airport in North Jutland Region, Denmark Finance and law * Aid Association for Lutherans, one of the companies that formed Thrivent Financial for Lutherans in 2002 * Attorney at law * Australian Academy of Law * Anglo American plc, AAL is the London Stock Exchange stock code for the large mining enterprise * American Airlines Group, AAL is the NAS ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tricarboxylic Acid
A tricarboxylic acid is an organic carboxylic acid that contain three carboxyl functional groups (−COOH). A well-known example is citric acid. Promient examples Some prominent substituted tricarboxylic acids Citric acid, is used in the citric acid cyclealso known as the ''tricarboxylic acid'' (''TCA'') ''cycle'' or ''Krebs cycle''which is fundamental to all aerobic organisms. Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) is a chelating agent for Ca2+, Co2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+. See also * Citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) * Dicarboxylic acid In organic chemistry, a dicarboxylic acid is an organic compound containing two carboxyl groups (). The general molecular formula for dicarboxylic acids can be written as , where R can be aliphatic or aromatic.Boy Cornils, Peter Lappe "Dicarbox ... * Mellitic acid References Literature *{{cite journal , title = The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, an Ancient Metabolic Network with a Novel Twist. , author = Ryan J. Mailloux, Robin Bériaul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fumonisin B2
Fumonisin B2 is a fumonisin mycotoxin produced by the fungi ''Fusarium verticillioides'' (formerly ''Fusarium moniliforme'') and ''Aspergillus niger''. It is a structural analog of fumonisin B3, while it is lacking one hydroxy group compared to fumonisin B1. Fumonisin B2 is more cytotoxic than fumonisin B1. Fumonisin B2 inhibits sphingosine acyltransferase. Fumonisin B2 and other fumonisins frequently contaminate maize Maize (; ''Zea mays''), also known as corn in North American English, is a tall stout grass that produces cereal grain. It was domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago from wild teosinte. Native American ... and other crops, while recently it has been shown using LC–MS/MS that FB2 can contaminate coffee beans as well. References Mycotoxins Enzyme inhibitors {{biochem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
