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Probainognathia
Probainognathia is one of the two major subgroups of the clade Eucynodontia, the other being Cynognathia. The earliest forms were carnivorous and insectivorous, though some groups eventually also evolved herbivorous diets. The earliest and most basal probainognathian is the Middle Triassic (Anisian) aged ''Lumkuia'', from South Africa, though probainognathians would not become prominent until the mid Norian stage of the Late Triassic. Three groups survived the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, extinction at the end of Triassic: Tritheledontidae and Tritylodontidae, which both survived until the Jurassic—the latter even into the Cretaceous (''Montirictus'' and ''Xenocretosuchus'')—and Mammaliaformes, which includes the mammals. Phylogeny Below is a cladogram from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships: Cladogram from Stefanello ''et al.'' (2023): See also * Evolution of mammals * List of prehistoric mammals Refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Probainognathidae
Probainognathidae is an extinct Family (biology), family of insectivorous cynodonts which lived in what is now South America during the Middle Triassic, Middle to Late Triassic. The family was established by Alfred Romer in 1973 and includes two genera, ''Probainognathus'' from the Chañares Formation of Argentina and ''Bonacynodon'' from the Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone, ''Dinodontosaurus'' Assemblage Zone of Brazil. Probainognathids were closely related to the clade Prozostrodontia, which includes mammals and their close relatives. Description Members of Probainognathidae were relatively small-bodied animals, with skull lengths of around . The temporal region (area behind the eye sockets) was rather wide, and longer than the snout. The secondary palate was well-developed compared to earlier cynodonts, and the portion made up by the maxilla was larger than the part made from the palatine bone. The Dentary bone, dentary, the tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw, was quite ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lumkuia
''Lumkuia'' is an extinct genus of cynodont, fossils of which have been found in the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group in the South African Karoo Basin that date back to the early Middle Triassic. It contains a single species, ''Lumkuia fuzzi'', which was named in 2001 on the basis of the holotype specimen BP/1/2669, which can now be found at the Bernard Price Institute in Johannesburg, South Africa. The genus has been placed in its own family, Lumkuiidae. ''Lumkuia'' is not as common as other cynodonts from the same locality such as '' Diademodon'' and '' Trirachodon''. Discovery and naming The holotype and only known specimen of ''Lumkuia'', BP/1/2669, was found by Paul Reubsamen near the Lumku Mission in the Eastern Cape province, close to the small town of Lady Frere. It was collected from rocks belonging to the subzone B of the ''Cynognathus'' Assemblage Zone. It consists of a well-preserved skull, part of the shoulder girdle (including the left scapu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleodon
''Aleodon'' is an extinct genus of cynodonts that lived from the Middle to Late Triassic. Relatively few analyses have been conducted to identify the phylogenetic placement of ''Aleodon'', although some have placed it as a sister taxon to '' Chiniquodon''. Two species of ''Aleodon'' are recognized: ''A. brachyrhamphus'' which was discovered in Tanzania, and ''A. cromptoni'' which was discovered most recently in Brazil. The name for the genus ''Aleodon'' was created when Alfred W. "Fuzz" Crompton initially discovered the type species, ''Aleodon brachyrhamphus''. The genus name, "''Aleodon''" referred to the grinding nature of the postcanine teeth, while "''brachyrhamphus''" referred to the relatively short snout of the specimen. The most recently discovered species, ''A. cromptoni'' was named after Crompton. Discovery and classification In 1955, ''Aleodon'' was initially classified as a gomphodont cynodont based on the partial skull and lower jaw fossils found in 1933 in Tanza ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eucynodontia
Eucynodontia ("true dog teeth") is a clade of cynodont therapsids including mammals and most non-mammalian cynodonts. The oldest eucynodonts are known from the Early Triassic and possibly Late Permian. Eucynodontia includes two major subgroups, Cynognathia and Probainognathia. The clade was named in 1982 by Thomas Kemp, who defined it as all cynodonts more derived than '' Thrinaxodon''. In 2001, Hopson and Kitching redefined the clade Eucynodontia as the least inclusive group containing Mammalia and '' Exaeretodon''.James A. Hopson and James W. Kitching, 2001, "A Probainognathian Cynodont from South Africa and the Phylogeny of Nonmammalian Cynodonts" pp 5-35 in: PARISH A. JENKINS, JR., MICHAEL D. SHAPIRO, AND TOMASZ OWERKOWICZ, EDITORS, ''STUDIES IN ORGANISMIC AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY IN HONOR OF A. W. CROMPTON'' Bullettin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University 156(1) Phylogeny Cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protheriodon
''Protheriodon'' is an extinct genus of probainognathian cynodonts which existed in the Santa Maria Formation of the Paraná Basin in southeastern Brazil during the middle Triassic period. It contains the species ''Protheriodon estudianti''. It was first described by Argentine palaeontologist José Bonaparte, who assigned it to the family Brasilodontidae. More recent studies have however recovered it in a more basal position than other brasilodontids, just outside Prozostrodontia Prozostrodontia is a clade of cynodonts including mammaliaforms and their closest relatives such as Tritheledontidae and Tritylodontidae. It was erected as a node-based taxon by Liu and Olsen (2010) and defined as the least inclusive clade contai .... Cladogram from Martinelli ''et al.'', 2017: References Probainognathia Ladinian genera Middle Triassic synapsids of South America Triassic Brazil Fossils of Brazil Santa Maria Formation Fossil taxa described in 2006 Taxa named by Jo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiniquodon
''Chiniquodon'' is an extinct genus of carnivore, carnivorous cynodonts, which lived during the Late Triassic (Carnian) in South America (Argentina and Brazil) and Africa (Namibia and Madagascar). ''Chiniquodon'' was closely related to the genus ''Aleodon'', and close to the ancestry of mammals. Other contemporaries included early dinosaurs. As both groups filled a similar ecological niche, fairly large therapsid hunters such as ''Chiniquodon'' may have been outcompeted by dinosaurs. Classification ''Chiniquodon theotonicus'', the type species, is from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil and Chañares Formation, Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, northwestern Argentina. This species is known from a number of skulls. The holotype is in the paleontological collection at Tübingen University, Germany. ''Chiniquodon kitchingi'', from the Santa Maria Formation of Brazil, was described in 1982 by A. M. Sá-Teixeira based on a single skull missing the lower jaw. When first described, it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charruodon
''Charruodon'' is an extinct genus of cynodonts which existed in the ''Hyperodapedon'' Assemblage Zone of the Santa Maria Formation in the Paraná Basin in southeastern Brazil during the Late Triassic. The genus contains only the type species ''Charruodon tetracuspidatus'', which is known from a single specimen of uncertain provenance. Upon its first description, ''Charruodon'' was tentatively placed within the family Therioherpetidae, but a 2017 study by Agustín G. Martinelli and colleagues instead recovered it as a more basal member of Probainognathia Probainognathia is one of the two major subgroups of the clade Eucynodontia, the other being Cynognathia. The earliest forms were carnivorous and insectivorous, though some groups eventually also evolved herbivorous diets. The earliest and most b .... In 2023, Hoffmann, Ribeiro & de Andrade reinterpreted the specimen as representing an early ontogenetic stage, and ''C''. ''tetracuspidatus'' to be a ''nomen dubium''. Refere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tritylodontidae
Tritylodontidae ("three-knob teeth", named after the shape of their cheek teeth) is an extinct family of small to medium-sized, highly specialized mammal-like cynodonts, with several mammalian traits including erect limbs, endothermy, and some details of the skeleton. They were the last-known family of the non-mammaliaform synapsids, persisting into the Early Cretaceous. Most tritylodontids are thought to have been herbivorous, feeding on vegetation such as stems, leaves, and roots, although at least one may have had a more omnivorous diet. Tritylodontid fossils are found in the Americas, South Africa, and Eurasia – they appear to have had an almost global distribution, including Antarctica. Description The skull of tritylodontids had a high sagittal crest. They retained the primitive condition of the joint between the quadrate bone of the skull and the articular bone of the lower jaw – the retention of the joint is one of the reasons they are technically regarded to not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiniquodontidae
Chiniquodontidae is an extinct family of basal probainognathian cynodonts that lived in what is now Africa and South America during the Middle and Late Triassic. It is currently thought to include four valid genera: ''Aleodon'', '' Chiniquodon'', '' Cromptodon'' and '' Riojanodon''. Two additional genera (''Belesodon'' and ''Probelesodon'') are usually regarded as junior synonym In taxonomy, the scientific classification of living organisms, a synonym is an alternative scientific name for the accepted scientific name of a taxon. The botanical and zoological codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. ...s of ''Chiniquodon''. References Probainognathia Prehistoric therapsid families Taxa named by Friedrich von Huene {{paleo-cynodont-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Candelariodon
''Candelariodon'' is an extinct genus of carnivorous probainognathian cynodonts from the Middle to Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation of the Paraná Basin in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. ''Candelariodon'' is known from a partial mandible having some complete teeth. It was first named by Téo Veiga de Oliveira, Cesar Leandro Schultz, Marina Bento Soares and Carlos Nunes Rodrigues in 2011 and the type species is ''Candelariodon barberenai''. Description The holotype (MMACR PV-0001-T) of ''Candelariodon barberenai'' comes from the ''Dinodontosaurus'' Assemblage Zone of the Pinheros-Chiniquá Sequence, Santa Maria Supersequence. It corresponds to the lower portion of the traditional Santa Maria Formation and the Santa Maria 1 Sequence of Zerfass et al. (2003). The outcrop that yielded MMACR PV-0001-T is located about south of Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul, southeastern Brazil, in the Pinheiro, an area in which several tetrapods characteristic of the ''Dinodontosaurus'' A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cynognathia
Cynognathia ("dog jaw") is one of two major clades of cynodonts, the other being Probainognathia. Cynognathians included the large carnivorous genus '' Cynognathus'' and the herbivorous or omnivorous gomphodonts such as traversodontids. Cynognathians can be identified by several synapomorphies including a very deep zygomatic arch that extends above the middle of the orbit. Cynognathian fossils are currently known from Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. Taxonomy *Suborder Cynodontia **Infraorder Eucynodontia ***(unranked) Cynognathia ****Family Cynognathidae *****'' Cynognathus'' ****(unranked) Gomphodontia *****Family Diademodontidae ******'' Diademodon'' ******'' Titanogomphodon'' *****(unranked) Neogomphodontia ******Family Trirachodontidae *******Subfamily Trirachodontinae ********'' Langbergia'' ********'' Trirachodon'' *******Subfamily Sinognathinae ********'' Beishanodon'' ********'' Sinognathus'' ********''Cricodon'' ******Family ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ecteniniidae
Ecteniniidae is an extinct family of probainognathian cynodonts from the Triassic of South America. They are notable for their large size, as well as for being among the first synapsids with specializations towards cursoriality. Phylogeny Below is a cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ... from Martínez ''et al.'' (2013): References Probainognathia Late Triassic first appearances Late Triassic extinctions Prehistoric therapsid families Triassic animals of South America {{paleo-cynodont-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
