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Pressure Hull
A submarine hull has two major components, the ''superstructure'' and the ''pressure hull''. The external portion of a submarine’s hull—that part that does not resist sea pressure and is free-flooding—is known as the “superstructure” in American submarine terminology and the “casing” in British submarine terminology. It is sometimes also referred to as the “light hull” or other descriptive terms. The superstructure (''casing'' in British usage) of a submarine is the outer non-watertight, “free-flooding” hull which provides a hydrodynamically efficient shape. The pressure hull is the inner hull of a submarine that resists sea pressure and maintains the submarine’s structural integrity at (operating) depth. Shapes Modern submarines are usually cigar-shaped. This design, already visible on very early submarines, is called a " teardrop hull". It is structurally efficient for withstanding external pressure, and significantly reduces the hydrodynamic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
U995 2004 1 B
German submarine ''U-995'' is a Type VIIC/41 U-boat of Nazi Germany's ''Kriegsmarine''. She was laid down on 25 November 1942 by Blohm & Voss in Hamburg, Germany, and commissioned on 16 September 1943 with ''Oberleutnant zur See'' Walter Köhntopp in command. She is preserved at Laboe Naval Memorial near Kiel. Design German Type VIIC/41 submarines were preceded by the heavier Type VIIC submarines. ''U-995'' had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type 212 Submarine
The Type 212A is a class of diesel-electric attack submarine developed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft AG (HDW) for the German Navy (), and the Italian Navy where it is known as the ''Todaro'' class. It features diesel propulsion and an additional air-independent propulsion (AIP) system using Siemens proton-exchange membrane (PEM) compressed hydrogen fuel cells. The submarines can operate at high speed on diesel power or switch to the AIP system for silent slow cruising, staying submerged for up to three weeks with little exhaust heat. The system is also said to be vibration-free and virtually undetectable. The Type 212 is the first fuel cell propulsion system equipped submarine series. Development At the beginning of the 1990s the German Navy was seeking a replacement for the Type 206 submarines. Initial study started on a Type 209 improved design, with AIP capability, called Type 212. The final programme started in 1994 as the navies of Germany and Italy began workin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Submarine Losharik
Project 210, Project 10831 or AS-31 (), nicknamed ''Losharik'' ( rus, Лошарик, p=lɐˈʂarʲɪk), is a Russian deep-diving nuclear powered submarine. On 1 July 2019, a fire broke out on the vessel while it was taking underwater measurements of the sea floor in Russian territorial waters. stands for (), from the Russian naval term , 'nuclear deepwater station'. The submarine is also known as AS-12, but this number is assigned to another vessel. History and features The submarine was laid down in 1988, but it was not launched until August 2003 due to financial problems, as well as the collapse of the Soviet Union. It is designated for research, rescue, and special military operations and is operated by the Main Directorate of Deep-Sea Research, ( (GUGI)), reporting to the Ministry of Defence (Russia), Russian Defence Ministry. The pressure hull of the submarine is believed to be formed from up to seven interconnected titanium spherical elements; this limits space f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dolfijn-class Submarine
The ''Dolfijn''-class submarines of the Royal Netherlands Navy are a class of four submarines; HNLMS Dolfijn (S808), ''Dolfijn'', HNLMS Zeehond (S809), ''Zeehond'', HNLMS Potvis (S804), ''Potvis'' and HNLMS Tonijn (S805), ''Tonijn''. They were built in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. They were the first indigenous submarines built in the Netherlands and for the Royal Netherlands Navy after World War II. In the Netherlands they are also known as "three cylinder" submarines. They formed the backbone of the Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service during most of the Cold War. History The Second World War had a big impact on the Royal Netherlands Navy and especially on the Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service. Many submarines were lost during the war and only eight were left of the twenty submarines that the Dutch submarine service had at the beginning of the war. In addition, these remaining submarines were either in bad condition due to extensive use or they were simply ou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royal Netherlands Navy
The Royal Netherlands Navy (, ) is the Navy, maritime service branch of the Netherlands Armed Forces. It traces its history to 8 January 1488, making it the List of navies, third-oldest navy in the world. During the 17th and early 18th centuries, the Dutch States Navy was one of the most powerful navies in the world and played an active role in the Anglo-Dutch Wars, Franco-Dutch War, Nine Years' War and War of the Spanish Succession. However, by the late 18th century it had declined through neglect and was no longer a match for either the Royal Navy, British or French Navy, French navies. The Batavian Navy and navy of the Kingdom of Holland played an active role in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, though both were repeatedly yoked to French interests. Officially formed in 1813 after the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands was established, the Royal Netherlands Navy played an important role in protecting the Dutch East Indies, and would play a minor role ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Submarine K-278 Komsomolets
The K-278 ''Komsomolets'' was the ''Project-685 Plavnik'' (Russian: проект-685 плавник, meaning "fin", also known by her NATO reporting name of "Mike"-class), nuclear-powered attack submarine of the Soviet Navy; the only submarine of her design class. In the inventory of the Soviet military, ''K-278'' was unique for her submarine depth rating, having reached a depth of in the Norwegian Sea on 4 August 1984. Although ''K-278'' was commissioned in the Soviet Navy to evaluate the technology for the fourth-generation of Russian nuclear submarines, she was capable of combat maneuvering and deployment. During her third operational patrol in the Arctic Ocean in 1989, a serious fire in the aft compartments led to her sinking in the Barents Sea off the coast of Norway. Despite the fire in the engineering compartment, ''K-278'' was able to surface and remained afloat for approximately five hours before sinking. Many of the crew perished before rescue, leading to 42 tota ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Titanium
Titanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791 and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of minerals, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes. The most common compound, titanium dioxide (TiO2), is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component of smoke screens and cata ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type VII Submarine
Type VII U-boats were the most common type of Nazi Germany, German World War II U-boat. 704 boats were built by the end of the war. The type had several modifications. The Type VII was the most numerous U-boat type to be involved in the Battle of the Atlantic. The lone surviving example, , is on display at the Laboe Naval Memorial located in Laboe, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. At the start of the Second World War the ''Type VII'' class wastogether with the British British U-class submarine, ''U'', British S-class submarine (1931), ''S'' and British T-class submarine, ''T'' class and Dutch O 21-class submarine, ''O 21'' classone of the most advanced submarine classes in service. Design After the defeat in World War I, the Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany to build submarines. Germany circumvented the treaty by setting up the Netherlands, Dutch dummy company ''NV Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw Den Haag'' (I.v.S) which continued to design submarines. Based on the World Wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bathyscaphe
A bathyscaphe () is a free-diving, self-propelled deep-sea submersible, consisting of a crew cabin similar to a '' Bathysphere'', but suspended below a float rather than from a surface cable, as in the classic ''Bathysphere'' design. The float is filled with gasoline because it is readily available, buoyant, and, for all practical purposes, incompressible. The incompressibility of the gasoline means the tanks can be very lightly constructed, since the pressure inside and outside the tanks equalizes, eliminating any differential. By contrast, the crew cabin must withstand a huge pressure differential and is massively built. Buoyancy at the surface can be trimmed easily by replacing gasoline in the tanks with water, because water has a greater density. Auguste Piccard, inventor of the first bathyscaphe, coined the name ''bathyscaphe'' using the Ancient Greek words (), meaning 'deep', and (), meaning 'vessel, ship'. Mode of operation To descend, a bathyscaphe floods air ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Submarine Depth Ratings
Depth ratings are primary design parameters and measures of a submarine's ability to operate underwater. The depths to which submarines can dive are limited by the strengths of their hulls. Ratings The hull of a submarine must be able to withstand the forces created by the outside water pressure being greater than the inside air pressure. The outside water pressure increases with depth and so the stresses on the hull also increase with depth. Each of depth puts another atmosphere (1 bar, 14.7 psi, 101 kPa) of pressure on the hull, so at , the hull is withstanding of water pressure. Test depth This is the maximum depth at which a submarine is permitted to operate under normal peacetime circumstances, and is tested during sea trials. The test depth is set at two-thirds (0.66) of the design depth for United States Navy submarines, while the Royal Navy sets test depth at 4/7 (0.57) the design depth, and the German Navy sets it at exactly one-half (0.50) of design depth. Operati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Typhoon-class Submarine
The Project 941 ''Akula'' (, meaning 'shark', NATO reporting name Typhoon), was a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines designed and built by the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy. With a submerged displacement of , the Typhoons were the largest submarines ever built, able to accommodate comfortable living facilities for the crew of 160 when submerged for several months. The source of the NATO reporting name remains unclear, although it is often claimed to be related to the use of the word "typhoon" ("тайфун") by General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev of the Communist Party in a 1974 speech while describing a new type of nuclear ballistic missile submarine, as a reaction to the United States Navy's new . The Russian Navy cancelled its modernization program in March 2012, stating that modernizing one Typhoon would be as expensive as building two new s. A total of six boats of the Typhoon class had been built and a seventh was started but never finished. Three bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transverse Framing Construction
Transverse may refer to: *Transverse engine, an engine in which the crankshaft is oriented side-to-side relative to the wheels of the vehicle *Transverse flute, a flute that is held horizontally * Transverse force (or ''Euler force''), the tangential force that is felt in reaction to any angular acceleration *Transverse mass, a particle physics quantity *Transverse plane, the plane orthogonal to the anteroposterior or oral-aboral axis *Transverse rotors, a type of rotorcraft in which there are two rotors mounted side by side *Transverse wave, a wave that causes a disturbance in the medium perpendicular to the direction it advances *Transverse Island, an island on the east side of Stefansson Bay, off the coast of Enderby Land * ''Transverse'' (album), a 2012 album by Carter Tutti Void See also *Transversal (other) Transversal may refer to: * Transversal (combinatorics), a set containing exactly one member of each of several other sets * Transversal (geometry), a line th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
