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Posad
A posad ( Russian and ) was a type of settlement in East Slavic lands between the 10th to 15th centuries, it was often surrounded by ramparts and a moat, adjoining a town or a kremlin, but outside of it, or adjoining a monastery. The posad was inhabited by craftsmen and merchants and was its own distinct community, separate from the city it adjoined. Some posads developed into towns, such as Pavlovsky Posad and Sergiev Posad. During the 1920s administrative territorial reform in the Soviet Union, posads were converted into urban-type settlements. History The posad was the center of trade in Ancient Rus. Merchants and craftsmen resided there and sold goods such as pottery, armor, glass and copperware, icons, and clothing; as well as food, wax, and salt. Most large cities were adjoined by a posad, frequently situated below the main citadel and by a river. Posads were sometimes fortified with earthen walls. As posads developed, they became like villages. Membership in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sergiev Posad
Sergiyev Posad ( rus, Сергиев Посад, p=ˈsʲɛrgʲɪ(j)ɪf pɐˈsat) is a city that is the administrative center of Sergiyevo-Posadsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia. Population: The city contains the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, where Moscow Theological Academy is also located. The city was previously known by its current name until 1919, later it was renamed as ''Sergiyev'' (until 1930) and ''Zagorsk'' (until 1991). History Sergiyev Posad is the religious center of the Moscow Region as its first monastery was founded in 1337. The monastery began as a church built by Sergius of Radonezh, made out of wood, and by 1345 was recognized as a place of religious worship. Town status was granted to Sergiyev Posad in 1742. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the religious center continued expanding into new monastery buildings, living areas, and stone walls, which withheld a Polish siege from 1608 to 1610. In the 18th century, wooden monasteries were mostly destroyed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pavlovsky Posad
Pavlovsky Posad () is a town and the administrative center of Pavlovo-Posadsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located from Moscow, at the confluence of the Klyazma and Vokhna Rivers. Population: History The town of Pavlovsky Posad was founded in 1844 by merging several villages (Pavlovo, Dubrovo, Zakharovo, and Melenki). From its very foundation, the land on which the town stands belonged to the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius monastery of the Russian Orthodox Church. Later, from the mid-17th century, the land came into state ownership. Due to these peculiarities, Pavlovsky Posad never knew serfdom. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Pavlovsky Posad serves as the administrative center of Pavlovo-Posadsky District.Resolution #123-PG As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Pavlovo-Posadsky District as the Town of Pavlovsky Posad. As a municipal division, the Town of Pavlovsky Posad is incorporated with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Posad People
Posad People (Black Townspeople, Townspeople, Civilians) were a class of medieval (feudal) East Slavic lands (Kievan Rus, Grand Duchy of Moscow, Russian Tsardom, etc.), whose duties were to bear the tax (black people), that is, pay monetary and natural taxes, as well as perform numerous duties. The name of the handicraft and commercial population of the cities – "posad people" – comes from the word " posad".Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron When writing applications (petitions) to orders, the townspeople and Peasants were written not as Kholops, but as "slaves and orphans". The trade and craft population of cities ( podols, posads, hundreds) created their own territorial and professional associations (organizations of Artisans, such as workshops). History The taxable population was divided according to: *Black slobodas; *Black hundreds. The townspeople settled in the black Slobodas, supplying various supplies to the royal palace and working for the palace n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kazan
Kazan; , IPA: Help:IPA/Tatar, [qɑzan] is the largest city and capital city, capital of Tatarstan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka (river), Kazanka Rivers, covering an area of , with a population of over 1.3 million residents, and up to nearly 2 million residents in the greater Kazan metropolitan area, metropolitan area. Kazan is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, fifth-largest city in Russia, being the Volga#Biggest cities on the shores of the Volga, most populous city on the Volga, as well as within the Volga Federal District. Historically, Kazan was the capital of the Khanate of Kazan, and was Siege of Kazan, conquered by Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century, at which point the city became a part of the Tsardom of Russia. The city was seized (and largely destroyed) during Pugachev's Rebellion (1773–1775), but was later rebuilt during the reign of Catherine the Great. In the following centuries, Kazan grew to become a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lischke (settlement)
Lischke (lisca, liske) was a type of Old Prussian settlement. Lischkes were spontaneously grown settlements in geographically strategic places, so that often they have grown into towns. Often they grew under the protection of castles. The population was mainly innkeepers, craftsmen and merchants.Rolf Siemon: Lischke referring to: *Ludat, Herbert: Vorstufen und Entstehung des Städtewesens in Osteuropa. Köln-Braunsfeld 1955. *Weise, Erich (Hrsg.): Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Ost- und Westpreußen. Stuttgart 1966 (unveränderter Nachdruck).Max Töppen, "Über preußische Lischken, Flecken und Städte: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Gemeindeverfassungen in Preußen", in: ''Altpr. Nachr.'' IV(1867). Etymology The word entered German language during the invasion of |
Pavlovsky Posad Market Square 1900s
{{Disambiguation, geo ...
Pavlovsky (masculine), Pavlovskaya (feminine), or Pavlovskoye (neuter) may refer to: *Pavlovsky (surname) Places *Pavlovsky District, several districts in Russia * Pavlovskoye Urban Settlement, several municipal urban settlements in Russia * Pavlovsky (inhabited locality) (''Pavlovskaya'', ''Pavlovskoye''), several inhabited localities in Russia *Pavlovskaya, name of Kodiak, Alaska when it was founded in 1791 in Russian America Other * Pavlovskoye Reservoir, a reservoir in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia See also * Pavel * Pavlov (other) * Pavlovka (other) * Pavlovsk (other) * Pavlovo Pavlovo () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia. Arkhangelsk Oblast As of 2010, one rural locality in Arkhangelsk Oblast bears this name: * Pavlovo, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the tow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hereditary
Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. Through heredity, variations between individuals can accumulate and cause species to evolve by natural selection. The study of heredity in biology is genetics. Overview In humans, eye color is an example of an inherited characteristic: an individual might inherit the "brown-eye trait" from one of the parents. Inherited traits are controlled by genes and the complete set of genes within an organism's genome is called its genotype. The complete set of observable traits of the structure and behavior of an organism is called its phenotype. These traits arise from the interaction of the organism's genotype with the environment. As a result, many aspects of an organism's phenotype are not inherited. For example, su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Types Of Populated Places
Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type, collection of values used for computations. * File type * TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file. * Type (Unix), a command in POSIX shells that gives information about commands. * Type safety, the extent to which a programming language discourages or prevents type errors. * Type system, defines a programming language's response to data types. Mathematics * Type (model theory) * Type theory, basis for the study of type systems * Arity or type, the number of operands a function takes * Type, any proposition or set in the intuitionistic type theory * Type, of an entire function ** Exponential type Biology * Type (biology), which fixes a scientific name to a taxon * Dog type, categorization by use or function of domestic dogs Lettering * Type is a design concept for lettering used in typography which helped bring about modern te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shtetl
or ( ; , ; Grammatical number#Overview, pl. ''shtetelekh'') is a Yiddish term for small towns with predominantly Ashkenazi Jews, Ashkenazi Jewish populations which Eastern European Jewry, existed in Eastern Europe before the Holocaust. The term is used in the context of former Eastern European Jewish societies as mandated islands within the surrounding non-Jewish populace, and thus bears certain connotations of discrimination.Marie Schumacher-Brunhes"Shtetl" ''European History Online'', published July 3, 2015 (or , , or ) were mainly found in the areas that constituted the 19th-century Pale of Settlement in the Russian Empire (constituting modern-day Belarus, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine, Poland, Latvia and Russia), as well as in Congress Poland, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austrian Galicia and Duchy of Bukovina, Bukovina, the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Hungary. In Yiddish, a larger city, like Lviv or Chernivtsi, is called a (), and a village is called a ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trinity Lavra Of St
The Trinity (, from 'threefold') is the Christian doctrine concerning the nature of God in Christianity, God, which defines one God existing in three, , consubstantial prosopon, divine persons: God the Father (Christianity), God the Father, God the Son (Jesus in Christianity, Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, three distinct persons (''Hypostasis (philosophy and religion), hypostases'') sharing one essence/substance/nature (''homoousion''). As the Fourth Lateran Council declared, it is the Father who s, the Son who is , and the Holy Spirit who proceeds. In this context, one essence/nature defines God is, while the three persons define God is. This expresses at once their distinction and their indissoluble unity. Thus, the entire process of creation and grace in Christianity, grace is viewed as a single shared action of the three divine persons, in which each person manifests the attributes unique to them in the Trinity, thereby proving that everything comes "from the F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toponym
Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of ''wikt:toponym, toponyms'' (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage, and types. ''Toponym'' is the general term for a proper name of any geographical feature, and full scope of the term also includes proper names of all cosmographical features. In a more specific sense, the term ''toponymy'' refers to an inventory of toponyms, while the discipline researching such names is referred to as ''toponymics'' or ''toponomastics''. Toponymy is a branch of onomastics, the study of proper names of all kinds. A person who studies toponymy is called ''toponymist''. Etymology The term ''toponymy'' comes from / , 'place', and / , 'name'. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' records ''toponymy'' (meaning "place name") first appearing in English in 1876 in the context of geographical studies. Since then, ''toponym'' has come to replace the term ''place-name'' in profe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oligarchy
Oligarchy (; ) is a form of government in which power rests with a small number of people. Members of this group, called oligarchs, generally hold usually hard, but sometimes soft power through nobility, fame, wealth, or education; or through corporate, religious, political, or military control. Throughout history, power structures considered to be oligarchies have often been viewed as coercive, relying on public obedience or oppression to exist. Aristotle pioneered the use of the term as meaning rule by the rich, contrasting it with aristocracy, arguing that oligarchy was a corruption of aristocracy. Types Minority rule The consolidation of power by a dominant minority, whether religious or ethnic, can be considered a form of oligarchy. Examples include South Africa during apartheid, Liberia under Americo-Liberians, the Sultanate of Zanzibar, and Rhodesia. In these cases, oligarchic rule was often tied to the legacy of colonialism. In the early 20th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
