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Pipe (unit)
Capacities of wine casks were formerly measured and standardised according to a specific system of English units. The various units were historically defined in terms of the wine gallon so varied according to the definition of the gallon until the adoption of the Queen Anne wine gallon in 1706. In the United Kingdom and its colonies, the units were redefined with the introduction of the imperial system in 1826, whilst the Queen Anne wine gallon was adopted as the standard US gallon in 1836. The major wine producing countries use barrels extensively and have developed standards at variance with the traditional English volumes: examples include a hogshead of , a barrique of (Bordeaux), a barrel of (Australia), a barrel of (Burgundy) and a puncheon of . Casks Tun The tun (, , Middle Latin: ') is an English unit of ''liquid volume'' (not weight), used for measuring wine, oil or honey. It is typically a large vat or vessel, most often holding 252 wine gallons, but occ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Brewery Cask Units
Capacities of brewery casks were formerly measured and standardised according to a specific system of English units, which was originally based on the ale gallon of exactly (or exactly US gallons). With the adoption of the imperial system in the United Kingdom and its colonies in 1824, these units were redefined in terms of the slightly smaller imperial gallon (of exactly ): the older units continued in use in the United States. Historically, the terms ''beer'' and ''ale'' referred to distinct brews. From the mid-15th century until 1803 in Britain, "ale" casks and "beer" casks differed in the number of gallons they contained. Units Tun The beer tun is equal to double the size of a butt: it is therefore exactly or approximately .This assumes the current definition of the imperial gallon as exactly 4.54609 litres. This unit is exactly larger than the wine tun. Butt (Imperial) The butt of beer is equal to half a tun or two hogsheads, and is therefore exactly or approximate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butt Of Malmsey
A butt of malmsey was a measuring unit in Medieval England for the transport of malmsey wine. First recorded in Geoffrey Chaucer's ''The Canterbury Tales'' in the late 14th century, it was a vessel of varying size until it was standardised in the next century, when it was approximately wide, holding 126 wine gallons (477 liters). Designed to transport and dispense large quantities at a time, it became an item of luxury trade, with political weight, and as a result was also used in both gift-giving by the nobility and as a unit of exchange; it could also be combined with other wines. Malmsey itself was particularly popular in Northern Europe as having a higher Sugar level (wine), sugar level meant that it was Alcohol proof, much stronger in alcohol than native wines; it could also withstand longer sea voyages than many other wines. The import of malmsey butts, particularly by Port of London, London merchants, provided tax for national defence and on one occasion led to a trade war w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cubic Inch
The cubic inch (symbol in3) is a unit of volume in the Imperial units and United States customary units systems. It is the volume of a cube with each of its three dimensions (length, width, and height) being one inch long which is equivalent to of a US gallon. The cubic inch and the cubic foot are used as units of volume in the United States, although the common SI units of volume, the liter, milliliter, and cubic meter, are also used, especially in manufacturing and high technology. One cubic inch is exactly . One cubic foot is equal to exactly , as 123 = 1728. Notation conventions * The following abbreviations have been used to denote the cubic inch: cubic in, cu inch, cu in, cui, cu. in. * The IEEE standard symbol is: in3 * In internal combustion engines, the following abbreviations are used to denote cubic inch displacement: c.i.d., cid, CID, c.i., ci Equivalence with other units of volume One cubic inch is equal to: * Exactly cubic feet * Exactly US gallon * Ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Approximations Of π
Approximation#Mathematics, Approximations for the mathematical constant pi () in the history of mathematics reached an accuracy within 0.04% of the true value before the beginning of the Common Era. In Chinese mathematics, this was improved to approximations correct to what corresponds to about seven decimal digits by the 5th century. Further progress was not made until the 14th century, when Madhava of Sangamagrama developed approximations correct to eleven and then thirteen digits. Jamshīd al-Kāshī achieved sixteen digits next. Early modern mathematicians reached an accuracy of 35 digits by the beginning of the 17th century (Ludolph van Ceulen), and 126 digits by the 19th century (Jurij Vega). The record of manual approximation of is held by William Shanks, who calculated 527 decimals correctly in 1853. Since the middle of the 20th century, the approximation of has been the task of electronic digital computers (for a comprehensive account, see chronology of computation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Long Ton
The long ton, also known as the imperial ton, displacement ton,Dictionary.com - ''"a unit for measuring the displacement of a vessel, equal to a long ton of 2240 pounds (about 1016 kg) or 35 cu. ft. (1 cu. m) of seawater."'' or British ton, is a measurement unit equal to 2,240 pounds (1,016.0 kg). It is the name for the unit called the " ton" in the avoirdupois system of weights or Imperial system of measurements. It was standardised in the 13th century. It is used in the United States for bulk commodities. It is not to be confused with the short ton, a unit of weight equal to used in the United States, and Canada before metrication, also referred to simply as a "ton". Unit definition A long ton is defined as exactly 2,240 pounds. The long ton arises from the traditional British measurement system: A long ton is 20 long hundredweight (cwt), each of which is 8 stone Thus, a long ton is Unit equivalences A long ton, also called the weight ton (W/T), imperial ton, or d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Short Ton
The short ton (abbreviation: tn or st), also known as the US ton, is a measurement unit equal to . It is commonly used in the United States, where it is known simply as a ton; however, the term is ambiguous, the single word "ton" being variously used for short, long, and metric tons. The various tons are defined as units of mass.Butcher, Crown and Gentry, NIST Special Publication 1038, The International System of Units (SI) – Conversion Factors for General Use, 2006 They are sometimes used as units of weight, the force exerted by a mass at standard gravity (e.g., short ton-force). One short ton exerts a weight at one standard gravity of 2,000 pound-force (lbf). United States In the United States, a short ton is usually known simply as a "ton", without distinguishing it from the tonne (), known there as the "metric ton", or the long ton also known as the "imperial ton" (). There are, however, some U.S. applications where unspecified ''tons'' normally mean long tons (for exam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethanol (data Page)
This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethanol. Material Safety Data Sheet External MSDS Structure and properties Thermodynamic properties Spectral data Vapor pressure of liquid Density of ethanol at various temperatures Data obtained from These data correlate as ρ [g/cm3] = −8.461834 ''T'' [°C] + 0.8063372 with an coefficient of determination, ''R''2 = 0.99999. Properties of aqueous ethanol solutions Data obtained from Boiling points of aqueous solutions Data obtained from ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry (Page 2117)'' ‡azeotrope, Azeotropic mixture Charts References * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Ethanol (data page) Chemical data pages Ethanol, Data page Chemical data pages cleanup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quarter (unit)
The quarter ( "one-fourth") was used as the name of several distinct English units based on ¼ sizes of some base unit. The "quarter of London" mentioned by ''Magna Carta'' as the national standard measure for wine, ale, and grain was ¼ ton or tun. It continued to be used, e.g. to regulate the prices of bread. This quarter was a unit of 8 bushels of 8 gallons each, understood at the time as a measure of both weight and volume: the grain gallon or half- peck was composed of 76,800 (Tower) grains weight; the ale gallon was composed of the ale filling an equivalent container; and the wine gallon was composed of the wine weighing an equivalent amount to a full gallon of grain. Length In measures of length, the quarter (qr.) was ¼ of a yard, formerly an important measure in the cloth trade. 3 qr. was a Flemish ell, 4 quarters were a yard, 5 qr. was an (English) ell, and 6 qr. was an aune or French ell. Each quarter was made up of 4 nails. Its metric equivalen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barrel (unit)
A barrel is one of several units of volume applied in various contexts; there are dry barrels, fluid barrels (such as the U.K. beer barrel and U.S. beer barrel), oil barrels, and so forth. For historical reasons, the volumes of some barrel units are roughly double the volumes of others; volumes in common use range approximately from . In many connections, the term is used almost interchangeably with ''barrel''. Since medieval times, the term as a unit of measure has had various meanings throughout Europe, ranging from about 100 litres to about 1,000 litres. The name was derived in medieval times from the French , of unknown origin, but still in use, both in French and as derivations in many other languages, such as Italian, Polish, and Spanish. In most countries, such usage is obsolescent, having been superseded by SI units. As a result, the meaning of corresponding words and related concepts (vat, cask, keg etc.) in other languages often refers to a physical co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latin
Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area around Rome, Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire. It has greatly influenced many languages, Latin influence in English, including English, having contributed List of Latin words with English derivatives, many words to the English lexicon, particularly after the Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England, Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest. Latin Root (linguistics), roots appear frequently in the technical vocabulary used by fields such as theology, List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names, the sciences, List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes, medicine, and List of Latin legal terms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amontillado
Amontillado () is a variety of sherry wine characterised by being darker than fino sherry, but lighter than oloroso sherry. Amontillado wine is named after the Montilla municipality, in Andalusia, Spain, where the style of sherry originated in the 18th century; commercially, the name "Amontillado" is used as a measure of colour to label any style of sherry that lay between the categories of ''fino'' and ''oloroso''. In American literature, Amontillado sherry features in the title of the short story "The Cask of Amontillado" (1846), by Edgar Allan Poe. An Amontillado sherry begins as a fino, fortified wine, fortified to approximately 15.5% ethanol, alcohol with a cap of flor yeast limiting its exposure to the air. A cask of fino is considered to be amontillado if the layer of flor fails to develop adequately, is intentionally killed by additional fortification, or is allowed to die off through non-replenishment. Without the layer of flor, amontillado must be fortified to approximat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Cask Of Amontillado
"The Cask of Amontillado" is a short story by the American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in the November 1846 issue of ''Godey's Lady's Book''. The story, set in an unnamed Italy, Italian city at carnival time, is about a man taking fatal revenge on a friend who, he believes, has insulted him. Like several of Poe's stories, and in keeping with the 19th-century fascination with the subject, the narrative follows a person being buried alive – in this case, by immurement. As in "The Black Cat (short story), The Black Cat" and "The Tell-Tale Heart", Poe conveys the story from the murderer's perspective. Montresor invites Fortunato to sample amontillado that he has ostensibly purchased without proving its authenticity. Intrigued by the promise of fine wine and having already drunk enough to impair his judgment, Fortunato follows him into the Montresor family vaults, which also serve as catacombs. However, there is no amontillado; Montresor instead lures him into a trap, en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
